Primordial compositions of refractory inclusions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

L. Grossman  S.B. Simon  M.H. Thiemens  R.W. Williams  T. Ding  R.N. Clayton  T.K. Mayeda 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(12):3001-3021

Bulk chemical and O-, Mg- and Si-isotopic compositions were measured for each of 17 Types A and B refractory inclusions from CV3 chondrites. After bulk chemical compositions were corrected for non-representative sampling in the laboratory, the Mg- and Si-isotopic compositions of each inclusion were used to calculate its original chemical composition assuming that the heavy-isotope enrichments of these elements are due to Rayleigh fractionation that accompanied their evaporation from CMAS liquids. The resulting pre-evaporation chemical compositions are consistent with those predicted by equilibrium thermodynamic calculations for high-temperature nebular condensates, but only if different inclusions condensed from nebular regions that ranged in total pressure from 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻¹ bar, regardless of whether they formed in a system of solar composition or in one enriched in dust of ordinary chondrite composition relative to gas by a factor of 10 compared to solar composition. This is similar to the range of total pressures predicted by dynamic models of the solar nebula for regions whose temperatures are in the range of silicate condensation temperatures. Alternatively, if departure from equilibrium condensation and/or non-representative sampling of condensates in the nebula occurred, the inferred range of total pressure could be smaller. Simple kinetic modeling of evaporation successfully reproduces observed chemical compositions of most inclusions from their inferred pre-evaporation compositions, suggesting that closed-system isotopic exchange processes did not have a significant effect on their isotopic compositions. Comparison of pre-evaporation compositions with observed ones indicates that 80% of the enrichment in refractory CaO + Al₂O₃ relative to more volatile MgO + SiO₂ is due to initial condensation and 20% due to subsequent evaporation for both Types A and B inclusions.  相似文献   

SHRIMP U-Pb Zircon Dating of the Blueschists in the Heilongjiang High-pressure Metamorphic belt, NE China and its Tectonic Implications     

ZHOU Jian-bo  Simon A Wilde  ZHAO Guo-chun  ZHANG Xing-zhou  WEI Jin  MA Zhi-hong  ZHENG Chang-qing  CHEN Hong 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2008,27(Z1)

The Heilongjiang complex is a sequence of high-pressure (HP) metamorphic rocks, locatated along the suture zone that separates the Jiamusi-Khanka and Shongliao-Zhangguangcai blocks in NE China. The lithologic association and major and trace element composition of the blueschist facies rocks indicate they were metabasalts. The trace element data show they are of OIB and E-MORB affinity, most likely intra-oeeanic basalts that formed at the western margin of the Jiamusi block. The sequences of the Heilongiiang complex mainly consist of the marie-ultramafie rocks, OIB and E-MORB affinity basalts and Radiolarian-bearing quartzite in protolith, most likely the subduction complex.  相似文献   

CATS: GPS coordinate time series analysis software   总被引：18，自引：4，他引：14  

Simon D. P. Williams 《GPS Solutions》2008,12(2):147-153

Over the last 10 years, several papers have established that daily estimates of GPS coordinates are temporally correlated and it is therefore incorrect to assume that the observations are independent when estimating parameters from them. A direct consequence of this assumption is the over-optimistic estimation of the parameter uncertainties. Perhaps the perceived computational burden or the lack of suitable software for time series analysis has resulted in many heuristic methods being proposed in the scientific literature for estimating these uncertainties. We present a standalone C program, CATS, developed to study and compare stochastic noise processes in continuous GPS coordinate time series and, as a consequence, assign realistic uncertainties to parameters derived from them. The name originally stood for Create and Analyze Time Series. Although the name has survived, the creation aspect of the software has, after several versions, been abandoned. The implementation of the method is briefly described to aid understanding and an example of typical input, usage, output and the available stochastic noise models are given.  相似文献   

Mapping ecosystem services at the regional scale: the validity of an upscaling approach     

Solen Le Clec’h  Sean Sloan  Valéry Gond  Guillaume Cornu  Thibaud Decaens  Simon Dufour 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(8):1593-1610

Mapping ecosystem services (ES) over large scales is important for environmental monitoring but is often prohibitively expensive and difficult. We test a hybrid, low-cost method of mapping ES indicators over large scales in Pará State, Brazil. Four ES indicators (vegetation carbon stocks, biodiversity index, soil chemical quality index and rates of water infiltration into soil) were measured in the field and then summarized spatially for regional land-cover classes derived from satellite imagery. The regionally mapped ES values correlated strongly with independent and local measures of ES. For example, regional estimates of the vegetation carbon stocks are strongly correlated with actual measures derived from field samples and validation data (significant anova test – p-value = 4.51^e?9) and differed on average by only 20 Mg/ha from the field data. Our spatially-nested approach provides reliable and accurate maps of ES at both local and regional scales. Local maps account for the specificities of an area while regional maps provide an accurate generalization of an ES’ state. Such up-scaling methods infuse large-scale ES maps with localized data and enable the estimation of uncertainty of at regional scales. Our approach is first step towards the spatial characterization of ES at large and potentially global scales.  相似文献   

Global Resource Assessments of Primary Metals: An Optimistic Reality Check     

Gavin M. Mudd  Simon M. Jowitt 《Natural Resources Research》2018,27(2):229-240

The mining of primary metals is critical for a range of modern infrastructure and goods and the continuing growth in global population and consumption means that these primary metals are expected to remain in high demand. However, metallic deposits are, in essence, finite and non-renewable—leading to some concern that we may run out of a given metal in the future. Here, we address this concern by presenting a brief review of the reporting of mineral resource estimates, compiling detailed datasets for national and global trends in mineral resources for numerous metals, and present detailed case studies of major mining projects or fields. The evidence clearly shows strong growth in known mineral resources and cumulative production over time rather than any evidence of gradual resource depletion. In addition, the key factors that already govern existing mining projects and mineral resources are certainly social, environmental and economic in nature rather than geological or related to physical resource depletion. Overall, there is great room for optimism in terms of humankind’s ability to supply future generations with the metals they will require.  相似文献   

Preflare activity of solar prominences     

G. Simon  N. Mein  P. Mein  L. Gesztelyi 《Solar physics》1984,93(2):325-336

The preflare activity of a plage filament is analysed from H observations made with the Multichannel Subtractive Double Pass Spectrograph (MSDP) of the Meudon Solar Tower. The June 22, 1980 event is studied and interpreted in terms of preflare heating of a filament, connected to the rise of emerging flux, and the relative approach of pores of different magnetic polarity, prior to the onset of a two-ribbon flare.The region with enhanced magnetic field, around the filament, begins to brighten slowly 20 min before the triggering of the flare, in the center of H. Filament dark material begins to rise rapidly while the brightest point on one side drifts towards it, 6 min before the onset of the two-ribbon flare. Simultaneously the absorbing material separates from the remaining part of the filament.In the discussion, we suggest that most of the observed features may be the consequence of emergence of new magnetic flux and the related reconnection processes.  相似文献   

The impacts of climate change on river flood risk at the global scale   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Nigel W. Arnell  Simon N. Gosling 《Climatic change》2016,134(3):387-401

This paper presents an assessment of the implications of climate change for global river flood risk. It is based on the estimation of flood frequency relationships at a grid resolution of 0.5?×?0.5°, using a global hydrological model with climate scenarios derived from 21 climate models, together with projections of future population. Four indicators of the flood hazard are calculated; change in the magnitude and return period of flood peaks, flood-prone population and cropland exposed to substantial change in flood frequency, and a generalised measure of regional flood risk based on combining frequency curves with generic flood damage functions. Under one climate model, emissions and socioeconomic scenario (HadCM3 and SRES A1b), in 2050 the current 100-year flood would occur at least twice as frequently across 40 % of the globe, approximately 450 million flood-prone people and 430 thousand km² of flood-prone cropland would be exposed to a doubling of flood frequency, and global flood risk would increase by approximately 187 % over the risk in 2050 in the absence of climate change. There is strong regional variability (most adverse impacts would be in Asia), and considerable variability between climate models. In 2050, the range in increased exposure across 21 climate models under SRES A1b is 31–450 million people and 59 to 430 thousand km² of cropland, and the change in risk varies between ?9 and +376 %. The paper presents impacts by region, and also presents relationships between change in global mean surface temperature and impacts on the global flood hazard. There are a number of caveats with the analysis; it is based on one global hydrological model only, the climate scenarios are constructed using pattern-scaling, and the precise impacts are sensitive to some of the assumptions in the definition and application.  相似文献   

Extreme air–sea interaction over the North Atlantic subpolar gyre during the winter of 2013–2014 and its sub-surface legacy     

Jeremy P. Grist  Simon A. Josey  Zoe L. Jacobs  Robert Marsh  Bablu Sinha  Erik Van Sebille 《Climate Dynamics》2016,46(11-12):4027-4045

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GLONASS ionosphere-free ambiguity resolution for precise point positioning   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

Simon Banville 《Journal of Geodesy》2016,90(5):487-496

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Evaluating the importance of different coupled thermal,hydraulic, mechanical and chemical process simulations during fluid flow experiments in fractured novaculite and fractured granite     

Neil Chittenden  Christopher I. McDermott  Alexander E. Bond  James Wilson  Simon Norris 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(15):1133

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