The provision of urban service and citizens’ satisfaction is an important key issue in urban planning. Importance-performance analysis (IPA) is an effective and widely applicable technique to explore consumer’s satisfaction. IPA helps to prioritize the management strategies for urban services using the IPA. Purpose of the present study is to assess the performance of urban services and citizen’s satisfaction level of Panskura municipality using IPA models and improvement index. A total of 629 valid household responses are collected with the help of the door-to-door primary survey technique. The study reveals that all the selected seven urban services have significant importance-performance gap except water supply. Residents of the Panskura municipality are very much satisfied with the water supply service because of the very minimum improvement score. The combined result of IPA matrices and improvement index suggests residents are dissatisfied to a great extent with the performance of four urban services, i.e. health, economy, transportation and sanitation. These urban services require a problem-solving urgent action for restoration of the performance status. The improvement and prioritization of urban service are also required to fulfil the demand of target groups.
Despite significant technological advances in emerging economies, the further development of clean energy technologies in developing countries remains crucial to reducing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with economic development. In this paper we address two significant gaps in the growing body of literature that has assessed the role of the Clean Development Mechanism in promoting the transfer of clean technologies to developing countries. First, we present a qualitative analysis of the governance of the Clean Development Mechanism in India. This provides a basis for understanding the extent to which and the ways in which governance may impact upon the likelihood that projects promote technology transfer. Second, we provide a novel quantification of the level and nature of technology transfer that has occurred in Indian Clean Development Mechanism projects, based on insights from literature on technological capability building. We find that the Clean Development Mechanism in India has produced a negligible number of projects that promote technology transfer if technology transfer is understood as a process of learning about technology. Together these qualitative and quantitative analyses show how politics and governance have contributed to the current form of the Clean Development Mechanism market in India, in which processes of building indigenous technological capabilities have been neglected. 相似文献
Summary Laboratory model test results are presented that determine the effectiveness of using layers of geogrids as reinforcement in sand to reduce the settlement of square surface foundations subjected to transient loading. The model tests were conducted with only one type of geogrid at one relative density of compaction of sand. The maximum intensity of the transient load applied always exceeded the static ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation when supported by unreinforced sand. The settlement reduction factors for various depths of reinforcement have been determined. 相似文献
We consider the calculation of the electrical field quantities, electric potential and the vertical component of the total volume density of electric current, in a horizontally layered, piecewise homogeneous and arbitrarily anisotropic earth due to a system of direct current point sources. By applying Fourier transformation with respect to the horizontal space coordinates to the static field equations, the field quantities are obtained as the solutions of the system of transform-domain differential equations in the vertical (depth) coordinates. A recurrence scheme has been given to compute the tranform-domain field quantities at any depth. The corresponding space-domain quantities are then obtained by inverse Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). A complete computer program has been developed for computing the electric potentials at any depth of the layered earth, which is composed of an arbitrary number of anisotropic layers with arbitrary conductivity tensors. By considering the point sources at different depths from the surface, equipotential contours on the surface of arbitrarily anisotropic layered earth models are given. 相似文献
A steady state model of the Somali current including forcing by both the curl and the divergence of the wind stress is discussed.
The model equations are linear, but the results presented are for the one nonlinear case. The grid resolution was 12 km in
the zonal and 24 km in the meridional direction. The streamfunction and velocity potential of the current are presented for
forcing by divergence and compared with a situation when only the curl is present. The results indicate that a two-gyre system
appears in July, a representative month for the summer monsoon, only when divergence is included. Computations with available
data indicate that the divergence is comparable in magnitude to the curl near the location of the Somali current. The model
produces three other important features: (i) strong upwelling off the east coast of Africa, (ii) downwelling over central
Arabian sea and (iii) a strong eastward current in the upper layer towards the interior of the Arabian sea near 12°N. 相似文献
The great Indonesian earth quake (26 December 2004) triggered a tsunami wave across the Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean basins
and has brought a major havoc in several countries including India. The coastal segment between Thotapalli and Valiazhikal
in Kerala state of southwest India, where considerably rich beach placer deposit with ilmenite percentage of more than 70%
is concentrated, has been investigated to understand the impact of tsunami on coastal sediments. The grain size analysis flashes
out the significant differences between the pre- and post-tsunami littoral environments. While the mineral grains collected
during pre-tsunami period show well-sorted nature, the post-tsunami samples represent moderately to poorly sorted nature.
Similarly, unimodal and bimodal distributions of the sediments have been recorded for pre- and post-tsunami sediments, respectively.
Further, mineral assemblages corresponding to before and after this major wave activity clearly indicate the large-scale redistribution
of sediments. The post-tsunami sediments register increasing trends of garnet, sillimanite and rutile. The total heavy mineral
percentage of the post-tsunami sediment also shows an improved concentration, perhaps due to the large-scale transport of
lighter fraction. Magnetite percentage of post-tsunami samples reflects higher concentration compared to the pre-tsunami samples,
indicating the intensity of reworking process. X-ray diffraction patterns of ilmenite grains have confirmed the increased
presence of pseduorutile, and pseudobrookite in post-tsunami samples, which could be due to the mixing of more altered grains.
SEM examination of grains also confirms the significant alteration patterns on the ubiquitous mineral of placer body, the
ilmenite. The reason for these textural, mineralogical and micromorphological changes in heavy minerals particularly in ilmenite,
could be due to the churning action on the deeper sediments of onshore region or on the sediments entrapped in the near shelf
region of the area, by the ∼ 6 m high tsunami waves. 相似文献
In Bangladesh, development of the groundwater resource for irrigation is a vital component of the government’s agricultural
strategy to attain food self-sufficiency. Amidst reports of falling groundwater levels in many parts of Bangladesh, the potential
of groundwater use has been investigated in the Teesta Barrage Project (TBP) in which large-scale groundwater development
for dry-season irrigation has taken place in the recent past. Several techniques and tools have been applied such as the combination
of analysis of groundwater hydrographs and mathematical modelling to derive key hydrogeological variables, calculation of
net irrigation requirement and the use of geographical information systems. The results show that the economically attractive
high-yielding variety (HYV) Boro (dry season) rice cultivation during the groundwater irrigation season may not be sustained in large parts of the project
area if the current trends in abstraction are continued. However, due to spatial variation in abstraction, nine thanas (sub-districts)—out of a total of 21 in the project area—may still be able to expand groundwater-irrigated cropland and a
groundwater-use potential of 40 mm/year may be created if deep-set shallow tubewells are used by the farmers to abstract groundwater.
A structured approach, based on zoning of potential areas, is recommended for groundwater development and use.
Resumen En Bangladesh, el desarrollo de las aguas subterráneas para riego es un componente vital del la estrategia agrícola del Gobierno
para obtener la auto-suficiencia alimentaria. Un informe intermedio evidencia un descenso de los niveles de aguas subterráneas
en muchas partes de Bangladesh, el uso potencial de aguas subterránea ha sido investigado en el Proyecto Tessta Barrage (TBP)
en el cual ha tenido lugar el desarrollo de las aguas subterráneas a gran escala para el riego en la estación seca en un pasado
reciente. Se ha aplicado algunas técnicas y herramientas, como la combinación del análisis de datos gráficos de aguas subterráneas
y modelización matemática para obtener variables hidrogeológicas clave, el cálculo de la necesidad neta de riego y el uso
de Sistemas de Información Geográfica. El resultado muestra que el cultivo, económicamente atractivo, de arroz HYV Boro (estación seca) durante la estación de riego con aguas subterráneas puede no ser sostenible en gran parte del área del proyecto
si continúan las tendencias actuales en las extracciones. Sin embargo, debido a la variación espacial en la extracción, nueve
thanas (subdistritos)—de un total de 21 en el área del Proyecto—pueden todavía sufrir un aumento de la tierra cultivable regada
con aguas subterráneas y que se puede asumir un uso potencial de agua subterránea de 40 mm/estación si los granjeros utilizan
sondeos someros instalados en fosas para la extracción. Se recomienda una aproximación estructurada para el desarrollo y uso
de las aguas subterráneas, basada en la zonificación de áreas potenciales.
Résumé Au Bangladesh, l’exploitation des ressources en eau souterraines pour l’irrigation est une composante vitale de la stratégie
agricole gouvernementale pour atteindre l’auto-suffisance alimentaire. Parmi les baisses de niveaux piézométriques rapportées
sur de nombreuses régions du Bangladesh, le potentiel d’utilisation des eaux souterraines a été étudié sur le Projet de Barrage
de Teesta (TBP), où, dans un passé récent, les eaux souterraines ont été massivement exploitées pour l’irrigation en saison
sèche. De nombreux outils et techniques ont été utilisés, comme l’analyse combinée des chroniques piézométriques et des modèles
mathématiques pour dégager les variables hydrogéologiques clés, le calcul des besoins nets pour l’irrigation, et l’utilisation
des systèmes d’information géographique. Les résultats démontrent que la culture en saison d’irrigation de la variété de riz
HYV Boro (saison sèche), économiquement attrayante, n’est potentiellement pas viable sur de nombreux secteurs de la zone étudiée si
les prélèvements perdurent selon la tendance actuelle. Cependant, du fait de la variation spatiale des prélèvements, neuf
thanas (sous-districts)—sur un total de 21 sur le secteur d’étude—pourraient encore augmenter les surfaces irriguées, et une disponibilité
en eau de 40 mm/saison pourrait être générée si les agriculteurs utilisaient des puits peu profonds pour exploiter les ressources
souterraines. Une approche structurée, basée sur le zonage des secteurs potentiels, est recommandée pour l’exploitation et
l’utilisation des eaux souterraines.
Pre-monsoon rainfall around Kolkata (northeastern part of India) is mostly of convective origin as 80% of the seasonal rainfall
is produced by Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). Accurate prediction of the intensity and structure of these convective
cloud clusters becomes challenging, mostly because the convective clouds within these clusters are short lived and the inaccuracy
in the models initial state to represent the mesoscale details of the true atmospheric state. Besides the role in observing
the internal structure of the precipitating systems, Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) provides an important data source for mesoscale
and microscale weather analysis and forecasting. An attempt has been made to initialize the storm-scale numerical model using
retrieved wind fields from single Doppler radar. In the present study, Doppler wind velocities from the Kolkata Doppler weather
radar are assimilated into a mesoscale model, MM5 model using the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR)
system for the prediction of intense convective events that occurred during 0600 UTC on 5 May and 0000 UTC on 7 May, 2005.
In order to evaluate the impact of the DWR wind data in simulating these severe storms, three experiments were carried out.
The results show that assimilation of Doppler radar wind data has a positive impact on the prediction of intensity, organization
and propagation of rain bands associated with these mesoscale convective systems. The assimilation system has to be modified
further to incorporate the radar reflectivity data so that simulation of the microphysical and thermodynamic structure of
these convective storms can be improved. 相似文献