Status of China’s Mineral Resources in 2013     

HAO Ziguo  FEI Hongcai  HAO Qingqing  Susan TURNER 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(3):1018-1019

正On 22nd April 2014,with the approach of the 45th World Earth Day,China’s Ministry of Land and resources issued the status of China’s mineral resources in 2013.The first task of the prospecting breakthrough strategy action implemented in the last five years has been completed,and China’s security capacity for mineral resources has been significantly improved.In the  相似文献   

Projections of global warming-induced impacts on winter storm losses in the German private household sector     

Hermann Held  Friedrich-Wilhelm Gerstengarbe  Tobias Pardowitz  Joaquim G. Pinto  Uwe Ulbrich  Kai Born  Markus G. Donat  Melanie K. Karremann  Gregor C. Leckebusch  Patrick Ludwig  Katrin M. Nissen  Hermann Österle  Boris F. Prahl  Peter C. Werner  Daniel J. Befort  Olaf Burghoff 《Climatic change》2013,121(2):195-207

We present projections of winter storm-induced insured losses in the German residential building sector for the 21st century. With this aim, two structurally most independent downscaling methods and one hybrid downscaling method are applied to a 3-member ensemble of ECHAM5/MPI-OM1 A1B scenario simulations. One method uses dynamical downscaling of intense winter storm events in the global model, and a transfer function to relate regional wind speeds to losses. The second method is based on a reshuffling of present day weather situations and sequences taking into account the change of their frequencies according to the linear temperature trends of the global runs. The third method uses statistical-dynamical downscaling, considering frequency changes of the occurrence of storm-prone weather patterns, and translation into loss by using empirical statistical distributions. The A1B scenario ensemble was downscaled by all three methods until 2070, and by the (statistical-) dynamical methods until 2100. Furthermore, all methods assume a constant statistical relationship between meteorology and insured losses and no developments other than climate change, such as in constructions or claims management. The study utilizes data provided by the German Insurance Association encompassing 24 years and with district-scale resolution. Compared to 1971–2000, the downscaling methods indicate an increase of 10-year return values (i.e. loss ratios per return period) of 6–35 % for 2011–2040, of 20–30 % for 2041–2070, and of 40–55 % for 2071–2100, respectively. Convolving various sources of uncertainty in one confidence statement (data-, loss model-, storm realization-, and Pareto fit-uncertainty), the return-level confidence interval for a return period of 15 years expands by more than a factor of two. Finally, we suggest how practitioners can deal with alternative scenarios or possible natural excursions of observed losses.  相似文献   

Implications of the fault scaling law for the growth of topography: mountain ranges in the broken foreland of north-east Tibet     

Ralf Hetzel  Mingxin Tao  Samuel Niedermann  Manfred R. Strecker  Susan Ivy-Ochs  Peter W. Kubik  Bo Gao 《地学学报》2004,16(3):157-162

A fault scaling law suggests that, over eight orders of magnitude, fault length L is linearly related to maximum displacement D. Individual faults may therefore retain a constant ratio of D/L as they grow. If erosion is minor compared with tectonic uplift, the length and along‐strike relief of young mountain ranges should thus reflect fault growth. Topographic profiles along the crests of mountain ranges in the actively deforming foreland of north‐east Tibet exhibit a characteristic shape with maximum height near their centre and decreasing elevation toward the tips. We interpret the along‐strike relief of these ranges to reflect the slip distribution on high‐angle reverse faults. A geometric model illustrates that the lateral propagation rate of such mountain ranges may be deciphered if their length‐to‐height ratio has remained constant. As an application of the model, we reconstruct the growth of the Heli Shan using a long‐term uplift rate of ～1.3 mm yr^?1 derived from ²¹Ne and ¹⁰Be exposure dating.  相似文献   

Morphological analysis of open clusters’ properties: II. Relationships projected onto the galactic plane     

A. L. Tadross  P. Werner  A. Osman  M. Marie   《New Astronomy》2002,7(8):553-575

A morphological analysis study of open clusters’ properties has been achieved for a sample of 160 UBVCCD open star clusters of approximately 128,000 stars near the galactic plane. The data was obtained and reduced from Tadross (2001) using the same reduction procedures, which makes this catalogue the largest homogeneous source of open clusters’ parameters.  相似文献   

Image compression by means of wavelet transform - application to solar observations     

Werner Mühlmann  Arnold Hanslmeier 《Solar physics》1996,166(2):445-448

Images and spectra contain a large amount of data. Therefore the question arises, how this data can be decreased or compressed without losing important detail. The discrete wavelet transform is a tool which can be used to compress data because of its good approximation properties. It is very easy to implement and requires approximately the same amount of calculation as the fast Fourier transform. It has the advantage of giving information both in time and frequency. Since most of the coefficients in the transformed data are very small compared to the maximum values, which means that they do not contribute much to the transform, a large number of them can be neglected. Although some data get lost, the physical results deduced from the data remain the same, as is demonstrated by various examples. By this method it is even possible to compress data containing much noise to high-compression ratios.  相似文献   

Collisions and mergers of disk galaxies: Hydrodynamics of star forming gas     

Susan A. Lamb  Nathan C. Hearn 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2003,284(2):479-482

We summarize the results of numerical simulations of colliding gas-rich disk galaxies in which the impact velocity is set parallel to the spin axes of the two galaxies. The effects of varying the impact speed are studied with particular attention to the resulting gaseous structures and shockwave patterns, and the time needed to produce these structures. The simulations employ an N-body treatment of the stars and dark matter, together with an SPH treatment of the gas, in which all components of the models are gravitationally active. The results indicate that for such impact geometries, collisions can lead to the very rapid formation of a central, rapidly rotating, dense gas disk, and that in all cases extensive star formation is predicted by the very high gas densities and prevalence of shocks, both in the nucleus and out in the galactic disks. As the dense nucleus is forming, gas and stars are dispersed over very large volumes, and only fall back towards the nucleus over long times. In the case of low impact velocities, this takes an order of magnitude more time than that needed for the formation of a dense nucleus. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

The Cretaceous of the Eastern Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone (Tibet):Tectono-Sedimentation     

Pujun Wang  Frank Mattern  Werner Schneider  Wanzhu Liu  Shikai Li  Cai Li 《世界地质(英文版)》2003,6(1)

The ophiolite-bearing Bangong-Nujiang zone (BNZ) traversing central Tibet from east to west separates the Qiangtang block in the north from the Lhasa block in the south. The Cretaceous of the area includes Chuanba Formation (K1c), Duoba Formation (K1d), Langshan Formation (K1l) and Jiangba Formation (K2j). The K1c is composed of black shale,sandy pelite, siltstone, sandstone, coal beds and volcanic rocks, of shallow marine facies. The K1d consists of terrestrial siliciclastics intercalated with some calcareous sandstone beds bearing Orbitolina sp. indicating marine influence. The K1j is carbonate platform deposits of shallow marine and lagoon. The K2j is characterized by terrestrial thick massive red conglomerate. An active margin related to B-subduction zone is considered to be the geological setting of the Cretaceous sedimentation.  相似文献   

A semi-probabilistic procedure for developing societal risk function     

Hing-Ho Tsang  James E. Daniell  Friedemann Wenzel  Amelie C. Werner 《Natural Hazards》2018,90(2):943-974

Among the coastal districts of mega city Istanbul, Bakirkoy is one of the most critical one with the importance of air and marine transportation and presence of many other coastal facilities and structures that are prone to suffer from marine hazards. In the history, the Sea of Marmara has experienced numerous earthquake and landslide events and associated tsunamis. Therefore, tsunami risk assessment is essential for all coastal districts of Istanbul, including Bakirkoy district. In this study, a further developed methodology for tsunami human vulnerability and risk assessment Metropolitan Tsunami Human Vulnerability Assessment (MeTHuVA) is applied for Bakirkoy district of Istanbul, considering earthquake generated tsunamis. High-resolution tsunami hazard analysis is performed with the integration of coastal inundation computation with tsunami numerical tool NAMI DANCE and tsunami human vulnerability assessment with GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis methods (MCDA). Using analytical hierarchy process method of MCDA, a hierarchical structure is established, composed of two main elements of tsunami human vulnerability: Vulnerability at Location and Evacuation Resilience. Tsunami risk assessment for Bakirkoy district is calculated by integrating result of hazard and vulnerability assessments with a risk relation that includes a parameter (n), which represents the preparedness and awareness level of the community. Tsunami simulations revealed that the maximum inundation distance is over 350 m on land and water penetrates almost 1700 m along Ayamama stream. Inundation is observed in eleven neighborhoods of Bakirkoy district. In the inundation zone, maximum flow depth is found to be over 5.7 m. The inundated area forms 4.2% of whole Bakirkoy district, and 62 buildings are located in the inundation zone. Hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment results for different neighborhoods of Bakirkoy district are presented and discussed.  相似文献   

Rebuttal to “The case of the Biscayne Bay and aquifer near Miami,Florida: density-driven flow of seawater or gravitationally driven discharge of deep saline groundwater?” by Weyer (Environ Earth Sci 2018, 77:1–16)     

Alden M. Provost  Adrian D. Werner  Vincent E. A. Post  Holly A. Michael  Christian D. Langevin 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(19):710

A recent paper by Weyer (Environ Earth Sci 2018, 77:1–16) challenges the widely accepted interpretation of groundwater heads and salinities in the coastal Biscayne aquifer near Miami, Florida, USA. Weyer (2018) suggests that the body of saltwater that underlies fresh groundwater just inland of the coast is not a recirculating wedge of seawater, but results instead from upward migration of deep saline groundwater driven by regional flow. Perhaps more significantly, Weyer (2018) also asserts that established hydrologic theory is fundamentally incorrect with respect to buoyancy. Instead of acting along the direction of gravity (that is, vertically), Weyer (2018) claims, buoyancy acts instead along the direction of the pressure gradient. As a result, Weyer (2018) considers currently available density-dependent groundwater flow and transport modeling codes, and the analyses based on them, to be in error. In this rebuttal, we clarify the inaccuracies in the main points of Weyer’s (2018) paper. First, we explain that Weyer (2018) has misinterpreted observed equivalent freshwater heads in the Biscayne aquifer and that his alternative hypothesis concerning the source of the saltwater does not explain the observed salinities. Then, we review the established theory of buoyancy to identify the problem with Weyer’s (2018) alternative theory. Finally, we present theory and cite successful benchmark simulations to affirm the suitability of currently available codes for modeling density-dependent groundwater flow and transport.  相似文献   

Investigating the influence of aquifer heterogeneity on the potential for thermal free convection in the Yarragadee Aquifer,Western Australia     

Dylan J. Irvine  Heather A. Sheldon  Craig T. Simmons  Adrian D. Werner  Cedric M. Griffiths 《Hydrogeology Journal》2015,23(1):161-173

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