Electrical properties of seafloor massive sulfides     

Giovanni Spagnoli  Mark Hannington  Katharina Bairlein  Andreas Hördt  Marion Jegen  Sven Petersen  Tea Laurila 《Geo-Marine Letters》2016,36(3):235-245

Seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits are increasingly seen as important marine metal resources for the future. A growing number of industrialized nations are involved in the surveying and sampling of such deposits by drilling. Drill ships are expensive and their availability can be limited; seabed drill rigs are a cost-effective alternative and more suitable for obtaining cores for resource evaluation. In order to achieve the objectives of resource evaluations, details are required of the geological, mineralogical, and physical properties of the polymetallic deposits and their host rocks. Electrical properties of the deposits and their ore minerals are distinct from their unmineralized host rocks. Therefore, the use of electrical methods to detect SMS while drilling and recovering drill cores could decrease the costs and accelerate offshore operations by limiting the amount of drilling in unmineralized material. This paper presents new data regarding the electrical properties of SMS cores that can be used in that assessment. Frequency-dependent complex electrical resistivity in the frequency range between 0.002 and 100 Hz was examined in order to potentially discriminate between different types of fresh rocks, alteration and mineralization. Forty mini-cores of SMS and unmineralized host rocks were tested in the laboratory, originating from different tectonic settings such as the intermediate-spreading ridges of the Galapagos and Axial Seamount, and the Pacmanus back-arc basin. The results indicate that there is a clear potential to distinguish between mineralized and non-mineralized samples, with some evidence that even different types of mineralization can be discriminated. This could be achieved using resistivity magnitude alone with appropriate rig-mounted electrical sensors. Exploiting the frequency-dependent behavior of resistivity might amplify the differences and further improve the rock characterization.  相似文献   

Micro-sized enterprises: vulnerability to flash floods     

Konstantinos Karagiorgos  Micha Heiser  Thomas Thaler  Johannes Hübl  Sven Fuchs 《Natural Hazards》2016,81(2):1091-1106

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Feldspar relations in a composite magma     

Haraldur Sigurdsson 《Lithos》1971,4(3):231-238

The coming together of basic and acid magma in a volcanic plug is believed to have produced above-liquidus temperatures and effected temporary fusion of oligoclase phenocrysts in the acid component. Electron-probe analyses of the minerals show a high degree of feldspar ternary solid solution which is related to composition of the magma and possibly to the effect of superheating.  相似文献   

ENSO-coupled precipitation records (1959–2004) based on shells of freshwater bivalve mollusks (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Margaritifera falcata</Emphasis>) from British Columbia     

Bernd R. Schöne  Nicholas A. Page  David L. Rodland  Jens Fiebig  Sven Baier  Samuli O. Helama  Wolfgang Oschmann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2007,96(3):525-540

We present the results of sclerochronologically calibrated growth and stable isotope analyses of the freshwater bivalve Margaritifera falcata collected from an agricultural, suburban setting near Vancouver, BC. The oxygen isotope range of shell aragonite can be explained by the temperature range during the growing season, assuming the water δ ¹⁸O composition remained constant. However, shell growth is strongly influenced by local summer precipitation and potentially runoff of nutrient-rich stormwater. About 44% of the variability of annual shell growth can be explained by amounts of local summer (June–September) rainfall. Local winter precipitation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) strength during the preceding year exert a weak, but significant control on shell growth. In combination, summer and winter precipitation can explain up to 50% of the variability in annual shell growth. Spectral analyses substantiate the effect of precipitation on shell growth and demonstrate that shell growth and ENSO are coupled by precipitation. Common spectral density was found at periods of 6.5–9 years, particularly between 1985 and 2004. Higher frequency oscillation corresponding to periods of 3–5 years occurred during the early 1970s, early to mid 1980s, and later 1990s. These results suggest that skeletal records of bivalve mollusks provide suitable archives of ENSO-coupled precipitation in areas where other climate proxies such as tree-rings and speleothems may not be available.  相似文献   

Current status of coral takeover by an encrusting excavating sponge in a Caribbean reef          下载免费PDF全文

Ángela Marulanda‐Gómez  Mateo López‐Victoria  Sven Zea 《Marine Ecology》2017,38(1)

On Caribbean reefs, the excavating sponge Cliona tenuis opportunistically colonized dead skeletons of the elkhorn coral Acropora palmata after its massive die‐off in the 1980s. Further C. tenuis population increase occurred by colonization of other coral species, causing coral tissue death through undermining of live tissue and lateral growth. To follow up on a previous (2001) characterization of the abundance and size structure of C. tenuis at Islas del Rosario (Colombia), these factors were again estimated in 2014, along with its substratum utilization. The fate of sponge individuals colonizing massive coral colonies marked in 2001–2004 was also followed. By 2014 C. tenuis was still disproportionally occupying dead A. palmata branches, but its abundance and density, and the cover of other benthic elements, had not significantly changed over the 13‐year period, suggesting that a stasis has been reached. Cliona tenuis was thus initially favored in the 1980s, but substratum monopolization did not occur. From 2001 to 2014, small individuals increased in number and very large ones decreased, suggesting not only that new recruitment is occurring, but also that larger sponges are shrinking or fragmenting. Marked sponges continued killing corals over the first few years, but over longer times they retreated or died, allowing corals to resume upward growth. However, it could not be ascertained whether the sponge retreat was age‐related or the result of some environmental effect. The apparent preference for recently dead clean coral by larvae of C. tenuis and its current dynamics of recruitment, growth, fragmentation and mortality have stabilized its space occupation at Islas del Rosario.  相似文献   

Semantic Enablement for Spatial Data Infrastructures   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Krzysztof Janowicz  Sven Schade  Arne Bröring  Carsten Keßler  Patrick Maué  Christoph Stasch 《Transactions in GIS》2010,14(2):111-129

Building on abstract reference models, the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has established standards for storing, discovering, and processing geographical information. These standards act as a basis for the implementation of specific services and Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI). Research on geo‐semantics plays an increasing role to support complex queries and retrieval across heterogeneous information sources, as well as for service orchestration, semantic translation, and on‐the‐fly integration. So far, this research targets individual solutions or focuses on the Semantic Web, leaving the integration into SDI aside. What is missing is a shared and transparent Semantic Enablement Layer for SDI which also integrates reasoning services known from the Semantic Web. Instead of developing new semantically enabled services from scratch, we propose to create profiles of existing services that implement a transparent mapping between the OGC and the Semantic Web world. Finally, we point out how to combine SDI with linked data.  相似文献   

净化湖泊饮用水源的物理-生态工程实验研究   总被引：37，自引：7，他引：30  

濮培民  胡维平  逄勇  魏阳春  刘雪芬  张静仪  颜京松  李文朝  SvenEricJφrgensen 《湖泊科学》1997,9(2):159-167

我国许多历史上水质优良的湖泊水源区已污染严重污染,净化饮用水源刻不容缓。本文介绍了自１９９１年以来太源进行的物理－生态工程的部分研究成果。着重介绍在太湖的重富营养湖湾－五里湖无锡中桥自来水厂水源区的静态和抽水动态实验。  相似文献   

Testing unbaited stygofauna traps for sampling performance     

Jrg Bork  Sabine Bork  Sven E. Berkhoff  Hans Jürgen Hahn 《Limnologica》2008,38(2):105-115

Unbaited phreatic traps are a promising new method for sampling subterranean limnofauna. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether such trap systems are suitable to gather representative samples of the physico-chemical parameters and the invertebrate fauna of the aquifer. Fifteen traps, installed in five groundwater bores, and four traps located in the hyporheic zone, were sampled twice monthly over a 1 year period (June 2003–June 2004). Water samples were removed in three separated fractions (hose, trap and aquifer water), analysed for physico-chemical and faunal characteristics and compared with one another. The study was carried out in the Nakdong River floodplain, Korea. Physico-chemical characteristics of trap and aquifer were similar, but differed greatly from the hose samples. Abundances of fauna inside the traps were higher than in the aquifer, whereas there were no differences in taxonomic composition of the trap and aquifer samples. Biases of abundances suspected due to the use of traps were negligible in the groundwater, though it is recommended that comparisons between groundwater and hyporheic abundances ascertained by traps be handled cautiously.  相似文献   

Kinematics of elliptical galaxies with a diffuse dust component – II. Dust effects on kinematic modelling     

Maarten Baes  †  Herwig Dejonghe  Sven De Rijcke† 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,318(3):798-808

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Benthic Foraminifera as ecological indicators for water quality on the Great Barrier Reef   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sven Uthicke  Kristie Nobes 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008,78(4):763-773

Benthic foraminifera are established indicators for Water Quality (WQ) in Florida and the Caribbean. However, nearshore coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and other Pacific regions are also subjected to increased nutrient and sediment loads. Here, we investigate the use of benthic foraminifera as indicators to assess status and trends of WQ on GBR reefs. We quantified several sediment parameters and the foraminiferan assemblage composition on 20 reefs in four geographic regions of the GBR, and along a water column nutrient and turbidity gradient. Twenty-seven easily recognisable benthic foraminiferan taxa (>63 μm) were distinguished. All four geographic regions differed significantly (p < 0.05, ANOSIM) in their assemblage composition, and a redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that sediment parameters only explained a small proportion of the variance in the assemblage composition. On nine reefs along a previously studied water quality gradient, foraminifera showed a distinct shift in assemblage composition towards larger symbiont-bearing taxa from turbid inner shelf towards clearer outer shelf reefs. A RDA separated symbiotic and aposymbiotic (heterotrophic) taxa. In addition, total suspended solid and water column chlorophyll a concentrations were negatively correlated, and optical depth and distance to the mainland were positively correlated, with the abundance of symbiont-bearing taxa. Several large foraminifera were identified as indicators for offshore, clear water conditions. In contrast, heterotrophic rotaliids and a species retaining plastids (Elphidium sp.) where highly characteristic for low light, higher nutrient conditions. Application of the FORAM index to GBR assemblage composition showed a significant increase in the value of this index with increased distance from the mainland in the Whitsunday region (r² = 0.75, p < 0.001), and therefore with increasing light and decreased nutrient availability. We conclude that it will be possible to apply this index to GBR and possibly other Pacific reefs after some adaptations and additional experimental work on species-specific limiting factors.  相似文献