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141.
Jeffrey M. McKenzie Donald I. Siegel William Shotyk Philipp Steinmann Gabriele Pfunder 《水文研究》2002,16(5):1047-1064
We report the results of numerical and analytical simulations to test the hypothesis that downward vertical flow of porewater from the crests of domed alpine and kettle bogs controls vertical porewater distributions of major solutes such as Ca and Mg. The domed Etang de la Gruère bog (EGr), Switzerland, characterized by a vertical downward gradient of 0·04 and stratified layers of peat, is chosen as a field site for the model calibration and evaluation. The middle 4‐m section of the 6·5 m thick bog peat is heavily humified and has a hydraulic conductivity of ~10?5·6 cm s?1. Above and below, peat is less humified with a hydraulic conductivity of ~10?3 cm s?1. Heuristic finite difference simulations, using Visual MODFLOW, of the bog hydraulics show that the higher conductivity peat at the bog base is critical to create the observed deep, local flow cells that substantively recharge porewater. Model results and Peclet number calculations show that before ~7000 14C yr BP diffusion of solutes from underlying mineral soils controlled the vertical distribution of porewater chemistry. From 7000 to ~1250 14C BP the porewater chemistry was probably controlled by both upward diffusion and downward advection, and after ~1250 14C yr BP porewater chemistry was probably controlled by downward advection. Concentrations of conservative major solutes in the porewaters of alpine, ombrotrophic bogs are the net effect of both downward vertical porewater movement and upward vertical diffusion, the magnitudes of which are delicately poised to the configuration of the bog water table over time and subsurface peat stratigraphy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
142.
143.
Jeremie Vaubaillon Pavel Koten Anastasios Margonis Juraj Toth Regina Rudawska Maria Gritsevich Joe Zender Jonathan McAuliffe Pierre-Dominique Pautet Peter Jenniskens Detlef Koschny Francois Colas Sylvain Bouley Lucie Maquet Arnaud Leroy Jean Lecacheux Jiri Borovicka Junichi Watanabe Jürgen Oberst 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2015,114(3-4):137-157
144.
Thomas Condom Anne Coudrain Jean Emmanuel Sicart Sylvain Thry 《Global and Planetary Change》2007,59(1-4):189
A previous study of Fox [Fox, A.N. 1993. Snowline altitude and climate at present and during the Last Pleistocene Glacial Maximum in the Central Andes (5°–28°S). Ph.D. Thesis. Cornell University.] showed that for a fixed 0 °C isotherm altitude, the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) of the Peruvian and Bolivian glaciers from 5 to 20°S can be expressed based on a log–normal expression of local mid-annual rainfall amount (P). In order to extrapolate the function to the whole Andes (10°N to 55°S) a local 0 °C isotherm altitude is introduced. Two applications of this generalised function are presented. One concerns the space evolution of mean inter-annual ELA for three decades (1961–1990) over the whole South American continent. A high-resolution data set (grid data: 10′ for latitude/longitude) of mean monthly air surface temperature and precipitation is used. Mean annual values over the 1961–1990 period were calculated. On each grid element, the mean annual 0 °C isotherm altitude is determined from an altitudinal temperature gradient and mean annual temperature (T) at ground level. The 0 °C isotherm altitude is then associated with the annual precipitation amount to compute the ELA. Using computed ELA and the digital terrain elevation model GTOPO30, we determine the extent of the glacierised area in Andean regions under modern climatic conditions. The other application concerns the ELA time evolution on Zongo Glacier (Bolivia), where inter-annual ELA variations are computed from 1995 to 1999. For both applications, the computed values of ELA are in good agreement with those derived from glacier mass balance measurements. 相似文献
145.
G. Steinmann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1914,5(3):215-218
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
146.
G. Steinmann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1912,3(8):578-584
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
147.
G. Steinmann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1910,1(1):69-81
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148.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
149.
Gr. Steinmann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1913,4(8):572-575
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
150.