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111.
The rate of cation redistribution between M 1 and M 2 sites in olivine is theoretically studied on the basis of elementary processes of cationic migration. Cationic migration in olivine structure is assumed to be the superposition of a unit exchange of cations between closely spaced couple of sites. Such a process gives rise to both cation redistribution and also cationic interdiffusion in olivine crystal. The time constant of cationic equilibration in the redistribution reaction is related to the interdiffusion coefficient along b-axis, and its numerical value is given as a function of temperature and composition in Mg-Fe olivine. This time constant is very short, e.g., in the order of 10?2~10?4 s at 1000 ° C. The temperature dependence of cation distribution in Mg-Fe olivine could not be detected by heating and quenching experiments in some previous works, because of insufficient cooling rate. A skepticism is presented for the utility of cation distribution as a geothermometer or rate meter of cooling. Cation redistribution in olivine in the deep upper mantle is sufficiently fast to take place almost in phase with the seismic waves of long periods. 相似文献
112.
Current concepts of oil and gas generation by thermal decomposition of kerogen are reviewed. Primary oil migration mechanisms requiring large quantities of water to serve as a carrier for the movement of oil from source rock to reservoir are discussed. Previous investigators regarded the expulsion of interlayer water from montmorillonite and montmorillonite-illite mixed-layer minerals by transformation during diagenesis as the most important source of the carrier water.The process of diagenesis is subdivided into three stages based on the results of experimental compaction studies on montmorillonite clay, on studies of the expulsion mechanism of interlayer and interstitial waters, and on the observed changes in pores and mineral grains in argillaceous sediments during these stages. As a result, we concluded that the migration of oil chiefly occurs during the late compaction stage when the sediment's porosity ranges from 30 to 10%.This conclusion implies that a large amount of oil can move during the period when the active generation of oil corresponds with the primary migration of carrier water. For instance, in the oil-bearing Miocene sediments of the Akita area of northern Japan, the oil generation temperature ranged from 100 to 150°C and the average migration depth was between 1300 and 2600 m. Therefore, the possibility of large oil pool formation will be high in the basin where the paleo-geothermal gradient is about 5.0°C/100 m. In fact, it is expected that the paleo-geothermal gradients in the vicinities of large oil fields will be very close to this value.Prediction of the type and amount of hydrocarbons in the exploration area will be possible by an examination of the paleo-geothermal gradient in the area and by a study of the relation between absolute porosity and burial depth of argillaceous rocks. 相似文献
113.
It is shown that Mie theory predictions of extinction for pure water-ice with the optical constant measured at 100 K do not fit in detail the observed ice absorption feature in infrared objects, although we attempt to explain the observations by considering size distribution and shape of the grains.In addition, based on a similarity between the ice band and the absorption band found in carbon stars, we feel it is questionable whether or not the ice band can really be attributed to the interstellar water-ice. 相似文献
114.
Natural Hazards - The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the human suffering exacerbation processes in the coastal metropolitan areas of Nagoya, New Orleans and Metro Manila caused by... 相似文献
115.
Tadashi Kito Christine Thomas reas Rietbrock Edward J. Garnero Stuart E. J. Nippress Andy E. Heath 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,174(3):1019-1028
Broad-band data from South American earthquakes recorded by Californian seismic networks are analysed using a newly developed seismic wave migration method—the slowness backazimuth weighted migration (SBWM). Using the SBWM, out-of-plane seismic P -wave reflections have been observed. The reflection locations extend throughout the Earth's lower mantle, down to the core–mantle boundary (CMB) and coincide with the edges of tomographically mapped high seismic velocities. Modelling using synthetic seismograms suggests that a narrow (10–15 km) low- or high-velocity lamella with about 2 per cent velocity contrast can reproduce the observed reflected waveforms, but other explanations may exist. Considering the reflection locations and synthetic modelling, the observed out-of-plane energy is well explained by underside reflections off a sharp reflector at the base of the subducted lithosphere. We also detect weaker reflections corresponding to the tomographically mapped top of the slab, which may arise from the boundary between the Nazca plate and the overlying former basaltic oceanic crust. The joint interpretation of the waveform modelling and geodynamic considerations indicate mass flux of the former oceanic lithosphere and basaltic crust across the 660 km discontinuity, linking processes and structure at the top and bottom of the Earth's mantle, supporting the idea of whole mantle convection. 相似文献
116.
Akira Hasegawa Kenji Ohta Takashi Yagi Kei Hirose Yoshiyuki Okuda Tadashi Kondo 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2019,351(2-3):229-235
We measured the lattice thermal conductivities of Fe0.98O wüstite and iron-rich (Mg,Fe)O magnesiowüstite using the pulsed light heating thermoreflectance technique with a diamond anvil cell up to 61 GPa at 300 K. We found that the thermal conductivity of wüstite does not show a monotonic increase as a function of pressure, contrary to that of MgO periclase. Rocksalt (B1) to rhombohedral B1 transition is likely to induce an abnormal pressure response in the conductivity of wüstite. Our results also show that magnesiowüstite has a lower conductivity than that of MgO and FeO endmembers due to a strong iron impurity effect, which is well reproduced by a model considering phonon-impurity scattering in a binary solid solution. 相似文献
117.
Toshiya Katano Kenji Yoshino Tadashi Matsubara Yuichi Hayami 《Journal of Oceanography》2012,68(4):497-507
The raphidophyte Chattonella and the bacillariophyte Skeletonema are representative bloom-causing organisms in the Ariake Sea, Japan. Changes in their abundance were monitored to clarify the role of river discharge in the red tides caused by these organisms in the innermost area of the sea. In late June 2010, heavy rain occurred and subsequently river discharge increased. A Chattonella bloom occurred after heavy rain on July 5, although Chattonella abundance was very low (<1?cell?ml?1) before the heavy rain (June 29). Maximum cell density reached 4.2?×?103?cells?ml?1 at the surface. Thus, the bloom developed as the river plume extended in the estuary. During the course of extension of the river plume, the Chattonella population rapidly developed using the nutrients supplied by the river. Just after the Chattonella bloom, heavy rain occurred again and a very large quantity of river water flowed into the estuary. Consequently, the salinity of the surface decreased to 5 in the study area on July 16. Chattonella did not migrate to the surface probably because of the overlying low-salinity water; Chattonella formed a thin layer (20–50?cm in thickness) at the depth where salinity was 10. However, a Skeletonema population developed at the surface. On July 20, Skeletonema density at the surface exceeded 105?cells?ml?1. With the decline of the Skeletonema abundance due to the nutrient limitation, Chattonella again formed bloom probably using deep-nutrient pool by their vertical migration behavior. The present study clearly demonstrates that the Chattonella can form dense bloom after the heavy rain. The seed population awaiting the river discharge is probably essential to the rapid development of Chattonella in the estuary. 相似文献
118.
白鱀豚哨叫声的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
于1996年1月,在中国科学院水生生物研究所白暨豚馆人工饲养池和湖北省石首市天鹅洲长江故道,使用频响范围分别为0-100kHz和0-16kHz的磁带记录系统,记录了一头成年雄性和一头成年雌性白暨豚的哨叫声。采用计算机信号分析系统详细分析了哨叫声的结构和声谱图,并与其它鲸类哨叫声进行比较。结果表明,白暨豚哨叫声的最大和最小频率平均值分别为5841Hz和4975Hz,频率变化幅度一般小于1000Hz。哨叫声平均持续时间为907ms。频率随时间变化不连续,且较平缓,起伏很少,有部分重叠现象。白暨豚哨叫声的结构与另一种淡水豚─—亚河豚相近,但相对于一些海洋性种类(如宽吻海豚)则呈现较大的差异,表现出对环境的高度适应性。 相似文献
119.
Masako Nogami Takeshi Matsuno Takehiro Nakamura Tadashi Fukumoto 《Journal of Oceanography》2000,56(3):319-329
We have observed the temporal variation of oxygen deficient water with short time scale (less than a few days) in the central area of Ohmura Bay, Kyushu, Japan, in summer, 1995 and 1996. The vertical profiles of temperature were similar to those of dissolved oxygen. We noticed a linear relation between temperature and dissolved oxygen in the bottom layer, and applied the T-DO relation to estimate the net oxygen consumption rate, rather than direct evaluation of the advection and diffusion. Oxygen consumption rate just above the bottom was estimated to be about 0.21 g O2 m–3day–1 in July 1995, and about 0.28 g O2 m–3day–1 in August 1996. The net oxygen consumption rate estimated for the bottom layer below the second thermocline was about 0.61 g O2 m–3day–1 with variability from 0.55 to 0.66 g O2 m–3day–1 during July 25 to 29, 1995. This is was about 0.64 g O2 m–3day–1 with variability from 0.18 to 1.4 g O2 m–3day–1 during August 22 to 30, 1996. The net oxygen consumption rates are about half of those measured with a closed system in the Seto Inland Sea. 相似文献
120.
Microplastics in the Southern Ocean 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Atsuhiko Isobe Kaori Uchiyama-Matsumoto Keiichi Uchida Tadashi Tokai 《Marine pollution bulletin》2017,114(1):623-626
A field survey to collect microplastics with sizes < 5 mm was conducted in the Southern Ocean in 2016. We performed five net-tows and collected 44 pieces of plastic. Total particle counts of the entire water column, which is free of vertical mixing, were computed using the surface concentration (particle count per unit seawater volume) of microplastics, wind speed, and significant wave height during the observation period. Total particle counts at two stations near Antarctica were estimated to be in the order of 100,000 pieces km? 2. 相似文献