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81.
Antibiotics in the Hong Kong metropolitan area: Ubiquitous distribution and fate in Victoria Harbour 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Tu Binh Minh I. Ha Loi Man Ka So David Choi Gene Zheng Joseph H.W. Lee Bruce J. Richardson 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(7):1052-5312
We investigated the presence and fate of 16 antibiotics belonging to seven groups (β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, trimethoprim and amphenicols) in effluents of sewage plants and receiving waters in Hong Kong. Cefalexin, amoxicillin, ofloxacin and erythromycin-H2O were ubiquitous in sea water throughout Victoria Harbour, indicating continuous discharge to the environment. This is one of the few studies reporting the frequent occurrence of cefalexin and amoxicillin in sewage effluents and sea water (170-5070 and 64-1670 ng/L in sewage; 6.1-493 and 0.64-76 ng/L in sea water, respectively). Mass flows from seven sewage plants discharged an estimated total of 14.4 kg/day to the Harbour. Typhoon shelters also appeared to play an important role as sources of antibiotics, as evidenced by elevated concentrations within their boundaries. Mass balance estimations suggested significant quantities of antibiotics are discharged to the Harbour without passage through treatment plants. 相似文献
82.
Jian Liu Bin Wang So-Young Yim June-Yi Lee Jong-Ghap Jhun Kyung-Ja Ha 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(5):1063-1072
The global summer monsoon precipitation (GSMP) provides a fundamental measure for changes in the annual cycle of the climate system and hydroclimate. We investigate mechanisms governing decadal-centennial variations of the GSMP over the past millennium with a coupled climate model’s (ECHO-G) simulation forced by solar-volcanic (SV) radiative forcing and greenhouse gases (GHG) forcing. We show that the leading mode of GSMP is a forced response to external forcing on centennial time scale with a globally uniform change of precipitation across all monsoon regions, whereas the second mode represents internal variability on multi-decadal time scale with regional characteristics. The total amount of GSMP varies in phase with the global mean temperature, indicating that global warming is accompanied by amplification of the annual cycle of the climate system. The northern hemisphere summer monsoon precipitation (NHSMP) responds to GHG forcing more sensitively, while the southern hemisphere summer monsoon precipitation (SHSMP) responds to the SV radiative forcing more sensitively. The NHSMP is enhanced by increased NH land–ocean thermal contrast and NH-minus-SH thermal contrast. On the other hand, the SHSMP is strengthened by enhanced SH subtropical highs and the east–west mass contrast between Southeast Pacific and tropical Indian Ocean. The strength of the GSMP is determined by the factors controlling both the NHSMP and SHSMP. Intensification of GSMP is associated with (a) increased global land–ocean thermal contrast, (b) reinforced east–west mass contrast between Southeast Pacific and tropical Indian Ocean, and (c) enhanced circumglobal SH subtropical highs. The physical mechanisms revealed here will add understanding of future change of the global monsoon. 相似文献
83.
84.
Economic reforms and the New Master Plan of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Implementation issues and policy recommendations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The economic reforms or `doi moi' introduced in 1986 have transformed Vietnam's planned economy to a more market-oriented
one. Rise in international capital, market liberalisation and greater population mobility have contributed towards a greater
concentration of squatters in the city centre, and extended metropolitan development in the fringes of Ho Chi Minh City. Rapid
urbanisation and, to a lesser extent, industrialisation have converted large tracts of farmlands to urban use, and greater
rural exodus. Such dramatic changes have drawn the city government's attention to face the new challenges. As a very important
political and economic centre in the south, Ho Chi Minh City has prepared for itself a new Master Plan, approved in 1997,
to provide a legitimate and institutional framework to guide its future spatial development.
This paper introduces the background and explains the rationale behind the drafting of the Master Plan, and highlights the
constraints that are expected in implementing it. The administrative framework in planning is also examined in terms of its
advantages and disadvantages in a planning system with four levels: national, provincial, district and local. Land availability
in the city centre, source of funding and technical expertise are all parts and parcels of the challenges in the process of
modernising HCMC to accommodate the need of its residents and rapid global change. Ho Chi Minh City's strong relationships
with its hinterlands have equally required the planners to look at the planning field using the whole national and regional
scenarios. Policy recommendations aimed at improving the implementation capability are finally presented.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
85.
86.
Investigation of the dynamic behaviour of a storage tank with different foundation types focusing on the soil‐foundation‐structure interactions using centrifuge model tests 下载免费PDF全文
Heon‐Joon Park Jeong‐Gon Ha Sun‐Yong Kwon Moon‐Gyo Lee Dong‐Soo Kim 《地震工程与结构动力学》2017,46(14):2301-2316
This paper proposes a dynamic centrifuge model test method for the accurate simulation of the behaviours of a liquid storage tank with different types of foundations during earthquakes. The method can be used to determine the actual stress conditions of a prototype storage‐tank structure. It was used in the present study to investigate the soil‐foundation‐structure interactions of a simplified storage tank under two different earthquake motions, which were simulated using a shaking table installed in a centrifuge basket. Three different types of foundations were considered, namely, a shallow foundation, a slab on the surface of the ground connected to piles and a slab with disconnected piles. The test results were organised to compare the ground surface and foundation motions, the slab of foundation and top of structure motions and the horizontal and vertical motions of the slab, respectively. These were used to establish the complex dynamic behaviours of tank models with different foundations. The effects of soil–foundation–structure interaction with three foundation conditions and two different earthquake motions are focused and some important factors, that should be considered for future designs are also discussed in this research. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
87.
Dengyun Wu Zhikun Ren Lü Honghua Jinrui Liu Guanghao Ha Chi Zhang Menghao Zhu 《地球科学进展》2020,35(4):389-403
Alluvial fans can preserve historical records of sediment transport to middle and lower river systems or piedmont basins, which are considered to be sensitive recorders of climate change and tectonic activity. In this paper, the morphological characteristics, control factors and future development trend of alluvial fan are summarized and described. The main understanding is as follows: According to the gravity flow and traction flow process, fan can be divided into debris flow alluvial fan and fluvial fan. The former is formed under the action of debris gravity flow deposits, which is related to the occasional flood and burst flow in a short time. The latter is braided tributaries depositions which are gradually shallower and spread radially in the direction of fan toe under the traction water transport. The erodibility of underlying bedrock can affect the scale of downstream alluvial fan, which depends on the sediment production and store factors in the catchment. The easily eroded bedrock may produce more sediment, making the alluvial fan area larger. In the contrast, the erodibility of rocks in the source area can also affect the slope and hydrological characteristics of the valley so that more sediment is deposited in the upstream basin and the alluvial fan formed in the downstream is smaller. Tectonic activity is the pre-condition for the development of alluvial fans, which provides a space for alluvial fans depositions. Faulting in the piedmont can change the position and morphology of the ancient alluvial fan, and also cause deformation or distortion of the thick sedimentary sequence to record the regional tectonic activity. The quaternary alluvial fan sequence corresponds well to the climate change during the glacial-interglacial period. However, the influence of the flood events caused by extreme meteorological events on alluvial fan deposition should be focused on. The application of a series of new techniques and methods will help to carry out deep research on alluvial fan in the future, such as high-resolution observation technique, physical simulation experiment, and precise dating. 相似文献
88.
89.
文章对第四纪海平面变化,特别是近五万年以来海平面变化提供了一些地下水蕴藏的信息。上海第四纪沉积厚度达360m以上,根据取自Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ含水层的样品测年,上海及其附近地区主要含水层的地下水形成距今约5万年到1.5万年之间,当时海平面曾发生过一次明显相对缓慢的下降过程,在我国东海达到-155m,所以可以推断在上海以东广大海域地区,包括舟山群岛地区海域都有大面积的含水层分布,其水文地质条件和上海地区存在连续关系。 相似文献
90.
Yingnan Wang Hieu T. Tran Giang D. Nguyen Pathegama G. Ranjith Ha H. Bui 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(10):1417-1445
This paper focuses on the modelling of mixed-mode fracture using the conventional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method and a mixed-mode cohesive fracture law embedded in the particles. The combination of conventional SPH and a mixed-mode cohesive model allows capturing fracture and separation under various loading conditions efficiently. The key advantage of this framework is its capability to represent complex fracture geometries by a set of cracked SPH particles, each of which can possess its own mixed-mode cohesive fracture with arbitrary orientations. Therefore, this can naturally capture complex fracture patterns without any predefined fracture topologies. Because a characteristic length scale related to the size of the fracture process zone is incorporated in the constitutive formulation, the proposed approach is independent from the spatial discretisation of the computational domain (or mesh independent). Furthermore, the anisotropic fracture responses of materials can be naturally captured thanks to the orientation of the fracture process zone embedded at the particle level. The performance of the proposed approach demonstrates its potentials in modelling mixed-mode fracture of rocks and similar quasi-brittle materials. 相似文献