Chemical characteristics of haze during summer and winter in Guangzhou   总被引：33，自引：0，他引：33  

Ji-Hua Tan  Jing-Chun Duan  Duo-Hong Chen  Xin-Hua Wang  Song-Jun Guo  Xin-Hui Bi  Guo-Ying Sheng  Ke-Bin He  Jia-Mo Fu 《Atmospheric Research》2009,94(2):238-245

Airborne particles were collected with a 10-stage MOUDI and a PM₁₀ sampler in Guangzhou, China, during both haze and normal days in the summer of 2002 and 2003, and winter 2002. The characteristics of PAHs, organic carbon, elemental carbon and water-soluble inorganic ions were studied under four periods (summer normal, summer haze, winter normal and winter haze). In this study, secondary pollutants (OC, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺) were the major chemical components and appeared to show a remarkably rapid increase from normal to haze days. The particle mass size distributions were bimodal and dominated by fine particles in haze days. A significantly higher OC/EC ratio was found in haze days (3.2–4.7) compared to normal days (1.8–2.8), indicating secondary organic aerosol formation might be significant during haze days. Correlation analysis between visibility and chemical species showed that the major scattering species were TC (total carbon) and sulfate in normal days and nitrate and TC in haze days, respectively. Simultaneously, correlation analysis between visibility and meteorological factors demonstrated that visibility increased with both temperature and wind speed, while it decreased with relative humidity. Furthermore, the relatively higher value of IcdP/(BghiP + IcdP) and the low value of Cmax, CPI, and BghiP/BeP in winter haze could be due to the growth of motor vehicle usage and energy consumption in winter.  相似文献   

用SA雷达产品对京西三次局地暴雨落区形成的精细分析   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  

段丽  卞素芬  俞小鼎  崔永义 《气象》2009,35(3):21-28

利用新一代Doppler雷达各种探测产品,对2006年6月底至7月上旬北京西郊香山、石景山、门头沟一带落区相同的三次局地暴雨和大暴雨过程,进行精细分析和研究.重点分析雷达探测产品对落区在同一地点形成的短时临近影响系统和指示意义.研究表明,发生在北京西郊山前、落区相同的三次局地暴雨和大暴雨,其雷达回波发展和演变形式各不相同.但三次过程强降雨前,近地面平原东南风和边界层偏西风的垂直风廓线结构在地形作用下对暴雨落区形成的影响是一致的:近乎与山脉垂直的平原近地面东南风长时间(6小时左右)维持,增加山前局地近地面温湿条件,并在北京西郊山脉阻挡下,形成山前近地面局地辐合和强迫抬升.山顶附近边界层的偏西风为近地面空气强迫抬升后在边界层的后卷辐散提供了有利条件.研究还显示,落区附近单体风暴、逆风区辐合带、中气旋等中小尺度回波系统的活动和发展,是暴雨落区形成的重要因素.  相似文献   

三峡库区优质柑橘产业带建设土地整理模式     

张仕超  尚慧  余端  魏朝富 《地理研究》2011,30(11):2099-2108

以三峡库区优质柑橘产业带建设土地整理模式研究为目标,以重庆市万州区甘宁镇永胜等两个村土地整理项目（标准化柑橘园）为例,从工程、生物技术方面探讨了改土和配套农业产业化基础设施建设。研究表明：以三峡库区优质柑橘产业带建设目标的土地整理模式必须立足库区复杂多样的立地条件和生态一经济功能差异,配套服务早、中、晚熟不同柑橘品种产...  相似文献   

东北黑土区容许土壤流失量研究(英文)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

段兴武  谢云  刘宝元  刘刚  冯艳杰  高晓飞 《地理学报(英文版)》2012,22(4):737-751

Soil loss tolerance(T) is the maximum rate of annual soil erosion that is tolerated and still allows a high level of crop productivity to be sustained economically and indefinitely.In the black soil region of Northeast China,an empirically determined,default T value of 200(t/km2?a) is used for designing land restoration strategies for different types of soils.The ob-jective of this study was to provide a methodology to calculate a quantitative T for different black soil species.A field investigation was conducted to determine the typical soil profiles of 21 black soil species in the study area and a quantitative methodology based on a modified soil productivity index model was established to calculate the T values.These values,which varied from 68 t/km2?a to 358 t/km2?a,yielded an average T value of 141 t/km2?a for the 21 soil species.This is 29.5% lower than the current national standard T value.Two significant factors that influenced the T value were soil thickness and vulnerability to erosion.An ac-ceptable reduction rate of soil productivity over a planned time period of 1% is recommended as necessary for maintaining long-term sustainable soil productivity.Compared with the cur-rently used of regional unified standard T value,the proposed method,which determines T using specific soil profile indices,has more practical implications for effective,sustainable management of soil and water conservation.  相似文献   

A new method for testing pile by single-impact energy and <Emphasis Type="Italic">P-S</Emphasis> curve     

Xu Zhao-yong  Duan Yong-kang  Wang Bin  Hu Yi-li  Yang Run-hai  Xu Jun  Zhao Jin-ming 《地震科学（英文版）》2004,17(1):138-149

By studying the pile-formula and stress-wave methods (e.g., CASE method), the authors propose a new method for testing piles using the single-impact energy and P-S curves. The vibration and wave figures are recorded, and the dynamic and static displacements are measured by different transducers near the top of piles when the pile is impacted by a heavy hammer or micro-rocket. By observing the transformation coefficient of driving energy (total energy), the consumed energy of wave motion and vibration and so on, the vertical bearing capacity for single pile is measured and calculated. Then, using the vibration wave diagram, the dynamic relation curves between the force (P) and the displacement (S) is calculated and the yield points are determined. Using the static-loading test, the dynamic results are checked and the relative constants of dynamic-static P-S curves are determined. Then the subsidence quantity corresponding to the bearing capacity is determined. Moreover, the shaped quality of the pile body can be judged from the formation of P-S curves.  相似文献   

哈尔滨市延寿地震台竖直摆倾斜同震效应分析     

李继业  龚飞  段莉莉 《地震地磁观测与研究》2006,27(6):38-42

分析了2004年12月以来全球7级以上强震和中国5级以上地震的同震效应特征,当震中距较小时,同震应变阶似单纯的阶跃;而当震中距较大时,阶跃具有脉冲的形式,曲线有一个往返变化。初步总结了不同震中距时,竖直摆倾斜记录地震波动的能力。  相似文献   

Seasonal changes in the abundance and composition of plant pigments in particulate organic carbon in the lower Mississippi and Pearl Rivers   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Shuiwang Duan  Thomas S. Bianchi 《Estuaries and Coasts》2006,29(3):427-442

Plant pigments in particulate organic carbon were examined in the lower Mississippi and Pearl Rivers (U.S.), along with physical variables and nutrients to study seasonal changes in the abundance and composition of phytoplankton. Water samples were collected monthly from September 2001 to August 2003 in the lower Mississippi River (MR; no samples were taken in February 2002) and from August 2001 to July 2003 in the Pearl River (PR). High concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), nutrients, and chlorophylla (chla; dominated by diatoms) were observed in the lower MR. The smaller blackwater PR was characterized by lower nutrients and chla, higher ultraviolet absorbance, and a phytoplankton biomass dominated by chlorophytes. Chla concentrations in the lower MR was high in summer low-flow periods and also during interims of winter and spring, and did not couple with physical variables and nutrients, likely due to a combination of in situ production and inputs from reservoirs, navigation locks and oxbow lakes in the upper MR and Missouri River. Chla concentrations in the PR was only high in summer low-flow periods and were controlled by temperature and concentrations of chromophoric dissolved organic matter 9CDOM). The high, diatom-dominated phytoplankton biomass in the lower MR was likely the result of decreasing TSS (increased damming in the watershed) and increasing nutrients (enhanced agricultural runoff) over the past few decades. Lower phytoplankton biomass (dominated by chlorophytes) in the PR was likely linked with intense shading by CDOM and lower availability of nutrient inputs. An increase in the relative importance of phytoplankton biomass in large turbid rivers, such as the MR, could have significant effects on the age and lability of riverine organic matter entering the ocean, the stoichiometric balance of nutrients delivered to coastal margins, and the sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ in these dynamic regions.  相似文献   

Analysis and high-resolution modeling of a dense sea fog event over the Yellow Sea   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

Gang Fu  Jingtian Guo  Shang-Ping Xie  Yihong Duan  Meigen Zhang 《Atmospheric Research》2006,81(4):293-303

A ubiquitous feature of the Yellow Sea (YS) is the frequent occurrence of the sea fog in spring and summer season. An extremely dense sea fog event was observed around the Shandong Peninsula in the morning of 11 April 2004. This fog patch, with a spatial scale of several hundreds kilometers and lasted about 20 h, reduced the horizontal visibility to be less than 20 m in some locations, and caused a series of traffic collisions and 12 injuries on the coastal stretch of a major highway. In this paper, almost all available observational data, including Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-9 visible satellite imagery, objectively reanalyzed data of final run analysis (FNL) issued by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the sounding data of Qingdao and Dalian, as well as the latest 4.4 version of Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) model, were employed to investigate this sea fog case. Its evolutionary process and the environmental conditions that led to the fog formation were examined by using GOES-9 visible satellite imagery and sounding observations. In order to better understand the fog formation mechanism, a high-resolution RAMS modeling of 4 km × 4 km was designed. The modeling was initialized and validated by FNL data. A 30-h modeling that started from 18 UTC 10 April 2004 reproduced the main characteristics of this fog event. The simulated lower horizontal visibility area agreed reasonably well with the sea fog region identified from the satellite imagery. Advection cooling effect seemed to play a significant role for the fog formation.  相似文献   

东海外陆架浅孔沉积物的岩性和磁性特征及成因讨论?          下载免费PDF全文

顾家伟  王张华  李艳红  段凌云 《古地理学报》2006,8(2):269-276

利用东海外陆架的10根柱状样，进行磁性、粒度、氯离子含量和粘土矿物分析。结果表明：在东海外陆架扬子浅滩前缘，浅部沉积地层自上而下可分为两层。上层为砂泥混合物，含大量贝壳碎片，磁化率与饱和等温剩磁较强，主要是磁铁矿富集所致，反映了冰后期海侵对晚更新世沉积物的强烈改造。研究还发现，现代海底表层沉积物中存在铁硫化物，它是浅海还原环境中铁磁性矿物次生变化的产物。下层为坚硬致密的黄褐色泥质粉砂和粉砂质泥（硬土层），磁化率与饱和等温剩磁较弱，但局部存在剩磁异常高，从矫顽力等磁性特征证明它是硫复铁矿的富集所致。另外，在硫复铁矿富集层中绿泥石和氯离子含量明显富集，反映该硬土层是早期海侵沉积物在末次冰期干冷气候条件下的风化产物。  相似文献   

青藏高原气温的年际变率与大气环状波动模   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

段安民  吴国雄 《气象学报》2005,63(5):790-798

基于1961年3月至2002年2月间青藏高原地区64个台站的地面气温观测资料和ERA40再分析数据集,研究了青藏高原上空气温的年际变率及其与大尺度环流的关系。结果表明除夏季外,高原地面气温与整个北半球副热带、极地对流层的温度和位势高度有显著的同位相变化关系,而与中高纬度对流层有显著的反位相变化关系。其中北半球副热带还有5个分别位于青藏高原、西太平洋、北美西部、大西洋中部、北非到阿拉伯半岛的活动中心。这3条环状活动带和5个副热带活动中心共同组成了一种北半球大气环状波动模,其纬向特征为异常偏强的中纬度西风气流以及热带和高纬度东风气流,并伴有中纬度大气长波槽脊的减弱;经向基本特征为异常偏强的Hadley和Ferrel环流以及副热带下沉气流和中纬度上升气流,垂直方向呈相当正压结构。当这种环状波动模处于正位相时,异常增强的绝热下沉增温效应和减弱的冷空气活动共同使得高原上空对流层中、低层气温异常偏暖。  相似文献