An application of least-squares inverse analysis in kinetic interpretations of hydrous pyrolysis experiments     

S?ren B. Nielsen  Tanja Barth 《Mathematical Geology》1991,23(4):565-582

A least-squares inverse method is applied to the estimation of optimum kinetic parameters with statistical error bounds from concentration data obtained in isothermal hydrous pyrolysis experiments. The inverse method requires the specification of a data-parameter relationship (e.g., classical kinetic theory), the prior covariance matrices of data and parameter errors, as well as the prior central estimates of data and parameters. The reaction scheme considered is the common case of kerogen breakdown by Gaussian-weighted independent parallel first-order reactions and bitumen cracking by a single first-order reaction. The nonlinearity of the problem is reduced by a logarithmic transformation, which suggests a parameterization in terms of logarithmic concentrations, activation energies, and logarithmic Arrhenius factors. The linearized variance analysis is valid for the case studied, and the posterior covariance matrix reveals which parameters are constrained by the data. We find that the statistical errors in the average activation energy and the associated Arrhenius factor are strongly correlated. Hence, the parameters which determine the temperature dependence of the reaction rate have not been resolved independently. Furthermore, the kinetic results are very sensitive to the presence of a distribution of activation energies in kerogen breakdown. This distribution is not constrained by the data. As a consequence, neglecting the consideration of distributions of activation energies results in activation parameter values which are much too low. This is the major reason for the commonly encountered discrepancy between kinetic parameter values obtained from hydrous pyrolysis and micropyrolysis experiments, respectively.  相似文献   

An evaluation of two automated quality control methods designed for use with hourly wind profiler data     

P. A. Miller  M. F. Barth  D. W. van de Kamp  T. W. Schlatter  B. L. Weber  D. B. Wuertz  K. A. Brewster 《Annales Geophysicae》1994,12(8):711-724

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has completed the installation of a 30-site demonstration network of wind-profiling radars in the central United States. The network is being used to demonstrate and assess the utility of wind profiler technology in a quasi-operational environment, and to help define operational requirements for possible future national networks. This paper describes two automated quality control methods designed to remove erroneous winds from the hourly network data. Case study examples and statistical evaluation of the performance of each method are also presented.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

L. Ellenberg  R. L. Heathcote  B. K. Roy  H. K. Barth  Leli Hurme  Seppo Koponen  L. Gumpert  César N. Caviedes  Walther Manshard  James R. Coull  David Turnock  A. Iberall  W. U. Ehrmann  Gabriele Froböse  V. Spieβ  Andreas G. Koestler 《GeoJournal》1990,20(4):432-438

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The origin of bathymetric highs at ridge-transform intersections: A multi-disciplinary case study at the Clipperton Fracture Zone     

G. A. Barth  K. A. Kastens  E. M. Klein 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1994,16(1):1-50

Bathmetric highs on the old crust proximal to ridge-transform intersections (RTIs), termed intersection highs, are common but poorly understood features at offsets of fast to intermediate rate spreading centers. We have combined new reflection seismic, photographic, and geochemical data with previously published Seabeam, SeaMARC I, and SeaMARC II data to address the nature of the intersection highs at the Clipperton Fracture Zone. The Clipperton Intersection Highs are both topped by a carapace of young lavas at least 100 m thick. These lavas, which were erupted on the intersection highs, are chemically similar to their adjacent ridge segments and different from the surrounding older crust. At least some of the erupted magma traveled directly from the adjacent ridge at a shallow crustal level. Ridge-related magma covers and intrudes at least the upper 500 m of the transform tectonized crust at the RTI. We suspect that additional magma enters the intersection highs from directly below, without passing through the ridge. The young oceanic crust near the western Clipperton RTI is not thin by regional comparison. The 1.4 m.y. old crust near the eastern Clipperton RTI thickens approaching the transform offset. If the thermal effects of the proximal ridge were negligible, the eastern intersection high crust would appear to be in isostatic equilibrium. We believe that thermal effects are significant, and that the intersection high region stands anomalously shallow for its crustal thickness. This is attributable to increased temperature in the mantle below the ridge-proximal crust. Although ridge magma is injected into the proximal old crust, plate boundary reorganization is not taking place. Intersection high formation has been an ongoing process at both of the Clipperton RTIs for at least the past 1 m.y., during which time the plate boundary configuration has not changed appreciably. We envision a constant interplay between the intruding ridge magma and the disrupting transform fault motion. In addition, we envision a nearly constant input of magma from below the high, as an extension of the magma supply to the ridge from the mantle. Because the proximal ridge profoundly affects the juxtaposed crust at the RTI, sea floor fabric along the aseismic extensions of this fast-slipping transform fault is primarily a record of processes at work at the RTI rather than a record of transform tectonism.  相似文献   

Oligoprenyl-curcumanes and other new aromatic isoprenoids from the 1.64 billion year old Barney Creek Formation     

Jochen J. Brocks  Tanja Bosak  Ann Pearson 《Organic Geochemistry》2009,40(7):795-801

Carbonaceous dolomites and shales of the 1.64 billion years (Ga) old Barney Creek Formation (BCF), McArthur Basin, northern Australia contain the oldest, clearly indigenous biomarkers. We describe three new series of regularly branched aryl isoprenoids with base ions at m/z 119, 161 and 175. The m/z 119 compounds were identified as a complete series of C₁₅–C₄₀ oligoprenyl-perhydro-ar-curcumenes (oligoprenyl-curcumanes). Their likely biogenic precursors are oligoprenyl-β-curcumenes that occur in a wide range of bacterial phyla.  相似文献   

Impact of GODAE products on nested HYCOM simulations of the West Florida Shelf     

George R. HalliwellJr  Alexander Barth  Robert H. Weisberg  Patrick Hogan  Ole Martin Smedstad  James Cummings 《Ocean Dynamics》2009,59(1):139-155

Nested non-assimilative simulations of the West Florida Shelf for 2004–2005 are used to quantify the impact of initial and boundary conditions provided by Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment ocean products. Simulations are nested within an optimum interpolation hindcast of the Atlantic Ocean, the initial test of the US Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation system for the Gulf of Mexico, and a global ocean hindcast that used the latter assimilation system. These simulations are compared to one that is nested in a non-assimilative Gulf of Mexico model to document the importance of assimilation in the outer model. Simulations are evaluated by comparing model results to moored Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements and moored sea surface temperature time series. The choice of outer model has little influence on simulated velocity fluctuations over the inner and middle shelf where fluctuations are dominated by the deterministic wind-driven response. Improvement is documented in the representation of alongshore flow variability over the outer shelf, driven in part by the intrusion of the Loop Current and associated cyclones at the shelf edge near the Dry Tortugas. This improvement was realized in the simulation nested in the global ocean hindcast, the only outer model choice that contained a realistic representation of Loop Current transport associated with basin-scale wind-driven gyre circulation and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. For temperature, the non-assimilative outer model had a cold bias in the upper ocean that was substantially corrected in the data-assimilative outer models, leading to improved temperature representation in the simulations nested in the assimilative outer models.  相似文献   

A nested model of the Cariaco Basin (Venezuela): description of the basin’s interior hydrography and interactions with the open ocean     

Aida Alvera-Azcárate  Alexander Barth  Robert H. Weisberg 《Ocean Dynamics》2009,59(1):97-120

A high-resolution (1/60°), three-dimensional numerical circulation model of the Cariaco Basin (Venezuela) is constructed by nesting the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) in the 1/12° global Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). A new bathymetry, computed by merging DBDB2 data and in situ depth measurements using optimal interpolation, is described. This new bathymetry corrects the depth of the channels that connect the Cariaco Basin with the open ocean and which play a very important role in the basin circulation. Results from a 2004 ROMS hindcast are presented. Observations (temperature, salinity, and currents) are used to validate the model results before using the model to describe the annual cycle of the Cariaco Basin and the interactions between the basin and the open ocean. Two modes of interaction are described, the first being the meanders and eddies that travel westward with the Caribbean Current, and the second being a subsurface eastward current that flows along the north coast of South America. The circulation path within the basin is directly related to the intensity of this current. Both mechanisms described play a role in the ventilation of the basin. The present study is also an example of the feasibility of one of the objectives of GODAE (Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment): downscaling from a large-scale model to a regional model. In particular, the nesting ratio of 5 used in this work demonstrates that a high-resolution model can be successfully nested in HYCOM.  相似文献   

The Planeterrella,a pedagogic experiment in planetology and plasma physics     

Jean Lilensten  Mathieu Barthélemy  Cyril Simon  Philippe Jeanjacquot  Guillaume Gronoff 《Acta Geophysica》2009,57(1):220-235

We present here a plasma physics experiment which makes it possible to simulate, in a naive yet useful way, the formation of polar lights. It involves shooting electrons at a magnetized sphere placed in a vacuum chamber. This experiment, inspired by K. Birkeland’s Terrella, built at the turn of 19th century, allows the visualization of very many geophysical and astrophysical situations. Although delicate, it is feasible at undergraduate level.  相似文献   

Pesticide Residues in the Danube River Basin in Serbia – a Survey during 2009–2011          下载免费PDF全文

Nikolina Antić  Marina Radišić  Tanja Radović  Tatjana Vasiljević  Svetlana Grujić  Anđelka Petković  Milan Dimkić  Mila Laušević 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2015,43(2):197-204

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Perspectives in Modelling Climate–Hydrology Interactions     

Stefan Hagemann  Tanja Blome  Fahad Saeed  Tobias Stacke 《Surveys in Geophysics》2014,35(3):739-764

Various land–atmosphere coupling mechanisms exist that may lead to large-scale impacts on climate and hydrology. Some of them are still less understood and not adequately represented in state-of-the-art climate modelling. But, as the current generation of climate models enables consideration and implementation of important coupling processes, the present study provides perspectives for the modelling of relevant climate–hydrology interactions. On a more short-term perspective, these comprise anthropogenic land use and especially irrigation, which has been shown that it may even affect remote regions. On a long-term perspective, the coupling of hydrology to carbon cycle and vegetation becomes important, specifically the dynamics of permafrost and wetlands. Here, we present a review of current knowledge combined with some exemplary studies from a large-scale point of view. Therefore, we focus on climate–hydrology interactions that are relevant on scales utilized in the current or forthcoming global and regional climate modelling exercises.  相似文献