Lower Palaeozoic unconformities in an intracratonic platform setting: glacial erosion versus tectonics in the eastern Murzuq Basin (southern Libya)     

Jean-François Ghienne  Julien Moreau  Lionel Degermann  Jean-Loup Rubino 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,102(2):455-482

The stratigraphic record of the eastern Murzuq Basin has been importantly influenced by deformation resulting in angular and/or deeply erosional unconformities, though the overall context is intracratonic. Major transgressive events and the Ordovician glaciation are nevertheless documented, allowing the delineation of tectonic-, eustasy- or climate-driven unconformities. Lower Palaeozoic key events and related unconformities that characterize the North Gondwana platform have therefore a signature in the eastern Murzuq Basin. The basement/cover unconformity, also known as the infra-Tassilian surface, truncates all the deformed and metamorphosed Lower Cambrian and older rocks. Above is a ?Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician megasequence (Murizidié and Hasawnah Fms.), which is in turn truncated by an intra-Ordovician, angular unconformity. This megasequence is unconformably overlain by a Middle Ordovician (Hawaz Fm.) to Silurian (Tanzzuft and Akakus Fms) megasequence, which includes the Upper Ordovician glaciogenic unit (Mamuniyat Fm.), bounded at the base by a polygenic glacial erosion surface showing corrugated glacial lineations, tillites, and glaciotectonic structures. The Middle Ordovician to Silurian megasequence is finally truncated by a base-Devonian, angular unconformity overlain by fluvial sandstones. Regarding the possibility that those fluvial deposits may be as younger as Late Devonian in the eastern Murzuq Basin based on palaeoflora, the so-called Caledonian unconformity might be here a much younger (mid-Eifelian?) surface, and the occurrence of the Lower Devonian “Tadrart Fm.” is questioned. The Upper Ordovician glacial erosion surface, which is sometimes referred to as the Taconic unconformity, usually truncates Middle Ordovician strata in the Murzuq Basin but reaches significantly deeper stratigraphic levels in places that have been previously involved in the intra-Ordovician deformation event. In the Murizidié (southeastern Murzuq Basin), the infra-Tassilian surface, the intra-Ordovician unconformity, and the Upper Ordovician glacial erosion surface amalgamate together. Here, an estimate of the glacial erosion depth cannot be derived from the stratigraphic hiatus beneath the glacial incision, the main part of which relate to the intra-Ordovician tectonic event. The Upper Ordovician climate-related glacial erosion surface is not a valid unconformity for a sequence hierarchy framework of the Lower Palaeozoic, although it presents most of the physical attributes of tectonic-driven unconformities.  相似文献   

An audiomagnetotelluric study of the Meugueur-Meugueur ring structure, Aïr, Niger: ring dyke or cone sheet?     

Michel Ritz  William L. Brown  Christian Moreau  Daniel Ohnenstetter 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》1996,34(4):229-236

Three radial audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) sounding profiles were carried out across the narrow, 65-km diameter troctolitic Meugueur-Meugueur ring structure, central Aïr, Niger, to study its electrical configuration; one profile extended across the bedrock into the large Ofoud complex situated slightly off geographical centre within the ring. Apparent resistivity data from 27 sites ranged from isotropic to strongly anisotropic. In nearly all soundings, one- and two-dimensional modelling indicated the presence of a major zone of low resistivity (60–600 Ωm), about 200 m thick, dipping steeply inwards at an angle of 65–80° and extending to a depth of at least 2–5 km. This layer, overlain and underlain by rocks of higher resistivities in excess of 5000 Ωm, is taken to be the outer contact. A highly resistive body, about 200 m in width, dipping inwards to a depth of at least 4 km is taken to be the Meugueur-Meugueur intrusion, which is thus interpreted to be a cone sheet.  相似文献   

Model biomimetic studies of templated growth and assembly of nanocrystalline FeOOH   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Maria Nesterova  John Moreau  Jillian F Banfield 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2003,67(6):1185-1195

We studied biomimetic mineralization of self-assembling polymer matrices in order to develop a model for biomineralization of iron oxides in nature. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), rheology, and fluorescence probe analyses show self-assembly of acidic polysaccharide alginic acid (Alg) to form fibrils in dilute solutions. The resulting Alg fibrils are subsequently mineralized by FeOOH in a biomimetically controlled process. Experiments were conducted in pH 9.2 solutions containing millimolar concentrations of iron at 38°C. The unperturbed state of the hybrid mineral-organic structures was studied by characterization of samples of interfacial films collected from an inorganic-organic interface. Progress of mineralization over a 4-week period was followed by HRTEM, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and selected area electron diffraction. Morphologies of hybrid structures determined by HRTEM, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and selected area electron diffraction suggest formation of iron (III) oxyhydroxide phases and their assembly through a variety of mechanisms, possibly occurring simultaneously. An initial step involves precipitation of nanometer-scale amorphous particles and two-line ferrihydrite in bulk solution. Some nanoparticles assemble into chains that recrystallize to form akaganeite (β-FeOOH), presumably via a solid-state transformation pathway. Small organic molecules may mediate this process by stabilizing the akaganeite structure and controlling particle assembly. Ferrihydrite particles also bind to acidic polysaccharide fibrils and are transformed to ordered arrays of akaganeite. The parallel orientation of adjacent akaganeite nanocrystals may be inherited from the orientation of precursor ferrihydrite, possibly conferred during attachment of ferrihydrite to the polyacid fibrils. Alternatively, particle-particle interactions may induce orientation, leading to recrystallization. Subsequently, akaganeite is transformed to goethite that is characterized by nanoscale porosity and fine-scale twinning on {021}. Dislocation, twin, and nanopore microstructures are consistent with coarsening by nanoparticle assembly, possibly templated by the substrate. Nanoparticle assembly to generate biomimetic hybrid materials may be relevant to formation of complex natural biominerals in natural systems where mineral nanoparticles, small organic molecules, and more complex polymers coexist.  相似文献   

Paleoecology of late-glacial terrestrial deposits with in situ conifers from the submerged continental shelf of western canada     

Terri Lacourse  Rolf W MathewesDaryl W Fedje 《Quaternary Research》2003,60(2):180-188

Extensive portions of the continental shelf off the coast of British Columbia were subaerially exposed during Late Wisconsinan deglaciation due to lowering of relative sea level by as much as 150 m. Paleoecological analyses were conducted at two sites on the emergent continental shelf where terrestrial surfaces with in situ conifers are preserved. The woody plant remains confirm that, during the latest period of subaerial exposure, terrestrial vegetation was established on the continental shelf. Microscopic identification of fossil wood, and analyses of pollen and plant macrofossils from the associated paleosols and overlying shallow pond sediments indicate that productive Pinus contorta-dominated communities with abundant Alnus crispa and ferns grew on the shelf adjacent to and on the Queen Charlotte Islands around 12,200 ¹⁴C yr B.P. Dwarf shrubs including Salix and Empetrum, and herbaceous plants such as Heracleum lanatum and Hippuris vulgaris, were also important components of the shelf vegetation. Near northern Vancouver Island, mixed coniferous forests dominated by Pinus contorta with Picea, Tsuga spp., Alnus spp., and ferns occupied the shelf at 10,500 ¹⁴C yr B.P.  相似文献   

A new method for the determination of the setting temperature of pyroclastic deposits (example of guadeloupe: french west indies)     

J. Zlotnicki  J.P. Pozzi  G. Boudon  M.G. Moreau 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1984,21(3-4)

When pyroclastic deposits settle at high temperature in a terrestrial magnetic field they memorize their setting temperature. This temperature varies from one type of deposit to the other, from ambient temperature for some airfall ashes up to hundreds of degrees centigrade for nuées ardentes or pumice flows. These temperatures also vary significantly with distance from the eruptive vent. At old events, it is often very difficult first to establish the nature of the deposit because of crystallizations or cements created by diagenesis, and then to locate the eroded eruptive centers. The exact assessment of the setting temperature allows one, on the one hand, to find both the nature and the emplacement process of the deposit and, on the other hand, to find the location of the eruptive centers, by working out a temperature map.The methods used up to now are all based on the analysis of objects buried in the flow, or on that of the surrounding rocks. Where burnt wood or heated objects are concerned, this analysis may be chemical or based on fossil thermoremanent magnetization in the case of potteries or rocks. Such objects are not always to be found, so the method proposed here uses samples drawn from the deposit itself. The principle, derived from Thellier's method, compares the natural magnetization lost during heating to the loss of total thermoremanent magnetization acquired during cooling in a known field. This method essentially differs from that of Thellier by a direct reading of the magnetization left at any high temperature. This process, which requires only two heatings, enables one to avoid any difficulty linked to magnetic interactions and to lessen the effect of mineralogical transformations.  相似文献   

Time-based correlation of biogenic,lithogenic and authigenic sediment components with anthropogenic inputs in the Gulf of Mexico NECOP study area     

Terry A. Nelsen  Pat Blackwelder  Terri Hood  Brent McKee  Nidia Romer  Carlos Alvarez-Zarikian  Simone Metz 《Estuaries and Coasts》1994,17(4):873-885

Hypotheses related to variability in seasonal hypoxic conditions, coastal nutrient enhancement, and off-shelf transport of carbon on the Louisiana continental shelf were tested by characterization of biogenic, lithogenic, and authigenic components from two shelf and one Mississippi Canyon sediment cores. The authigenic-phase glauconite occurs above detection limits only in the core from the hypoxic area. A major increase in glauconite concentration was coincident with the onset (≈1940) of the increased use of commercial fertilizers in the United States. In the same hypoxic-area core, benthic foraminifera species diversity decreases upcore from approximately the turn of the century to the present in a manner concurrent with glauconite and fertilizer increases. A subset of opportunistic benthic foraminifera species, known to become more prominent in stressed environments (i.e., hypoxic), increased upcore from ～52% of the total population at core bottom to ≈90% at core top. These benthic foraminifera population and diversity changes were not apparent in a “control” core outside the area of documented hypoxia. Seaward of the shelf, in the Mississippi Canyon, coincident increases in sediment accumulation rate, percentages of coarse fraction and of organic carbon at core top indicate increased offshelf transport of carbon and other components. Quartz percentages indicate that episodic down-canyon transport has been active to core bottom (prior to the mid 1800s).  相似文献   

Multiscale tomography of buried magnetic structures: its use in the localization and characterization of archaeological structures     

Ginette Saracco  Frédérique Moreau  Pierre-Etienne Mathé  Daniel Hermitte  Jean-Marie Michel 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(1):87-103

We have previously developed a method for characterizing and localizing 'homogeneous' buried sources, from the measure of potential anomalies at a fixed height above ground (magnetic, electric and gravity). This method is based on potential theory and uses the properties of the Poisson kernel (real by definition) and the continuous wavelet theory. Here, we relax the assumption on sources and introduce a method that we call the 'multiscale tomography'. Our approach is based on the harmonic extension of the observed magnetic field to produce a complex source by use of a complex Poisson kernel solution of the Laplace equation for complex potential field. A phase and modulus are defined. We show that the phase provides additional information on the total magnetic inclination and the structure of sources, while the modulus allows us to characterize its spatial location, depth and 'effective degree'. This method is compared to the 'complex dipolar tomography', extension of the Patella method that we previously developed. We applied both methods and a classical electrical resistivity tomography to detect and localize buried archaeological structures like antique ovens from magnetic measurements on the Fox-Amphoux site (France). The estimates are then compared with the results of excavations.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

J. Thiede  K. Cehak  Stephen G. Warren  A. Zaporozec  Karl W. Butzer  H. Th. Verstappen  Robert A. Creelman  Jan Lundqvist  Xavier de Planhol  G. Kunkel  Wolf Tietze  P. G. Söhnge  K. U. Sirinanda  Owen J. Furuseth  Catharine Nagashima  T. Pioro  Asit K. Biswas  J. -P. Moreau  Hildegard Binder Johnson 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):91-96

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Geomicrobiology of Iron Layers in the Sediment of Lake Superior     

M. Dittrich  L. Moreau  J. Gordon  S. Quazi  C. Palermo  R. Fulthorpe  S. Katsev  J. Bollmann  A. Chesnyuk 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2015,21(2-4):123-140

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Erratum to: Geomicrobiology of Iron Layers in the Sediment of Lake Superior     

M. Dittrich  L. Moreau  J. Gordon  S. Quazi  C. Palermo  R. Fulthorpe  S. Katsev  J. Bollmann  A. Chesnyuk 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2015,21(2-4):141-142

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