Arguing for climate policy through the linguistic construction of narratives and voices: the case of the South-African green paper “National Climate Change Response”     

Kjersti Fløttum  Øyvind Gjerstad 《Climatic change》2013,118(2):417-430

The purpose of the present paper is to examine a selection of macro- and micro-linguistic features (at text and sentence/word level respectively) of the South-African Green Paper “National Climate Change Response” from 2010. Our overarching assumption is that the Green Paper needs to handle competing interests, beliefs and voices in a narrative structure favouring specific courses of action. How does the government portray the complex natural and societal phenomenon of climate change, and how does it take into account the many and often competing national and international views and interests which come into play? Our hypothesis is that the Green Paper constructs a narrative and that it relates to a number of voices other than that of the authors, through linguistic markers of polyphony, such as negation, sentence connectives, adverbs and reported speech. Thus we propose a narrative and polyphonic analysis of the Green Paper, at the level of the text as a whole (macro-level) but also with attention to linguistic constructions of polyphony or “multi-voicedness” (micro-level). We find that the narrative-polyphonic properties of the Green Paper contribute to a strategy for building consensus on climate change policy. The South African government assumes the role of main hero in its own climate change “story”, and there are subtle forms of interaction with different and typically non-identified voices, such as concessive constructions and presuppositions. These results support our overarching interpretation of the whole document as striving to impose a South African consensus on the issue of climate change.  相似文献   

Coffee growth,pest and yield responses to free-air CO2 enrichment     

Raquel Ghini  André Torre-Neto  Anamaria F. M. Dentzien  Oliveiro Guerreiro-Filho  Regiane Iost  Flávia R. A. Patrício  Jeanne S. M. Prado  Roberto A. Thomaziello  Wagner Bettiol  Fábio M. DaMatta 《Climatic change》2015,132(2):307-320

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Ionization of the earth’s atmosphere by solar and galactic cosmic rays   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ilya G. Usoskin  Laurent Desorgher  Peter Velinov  Marisa Storini  Erwin O. Flückiger  Rolf Bütikofer  Gennady A. Kovaltsov 《Acta Geophysica》2009,57(1):88-101

A brief review of the research of atmospheric effects of cosmic rays is presented. Numerical models are discussed, that are capable to compute the cosmic ray induced ionization at a given location and time. Intercomparison of the models, as well as comparison with fragmentary direct measurements of the atmospheric ionization, validates their applicability for the entire atmosphere and the whole range of the solar activity level variations. The effect of sporadic solar energetic particle events is shown to be limited on the global scale, even for the most severe event, but can be very strong locally in polar regions, affecting the physical-chemical properties of the upper atmosphere, especially at high altitudes. Thus, a new methodology is presented to study cosmic ray induced ionization of the atmosphere in full detail using realistic numerical models calibrated to direct observations.  相似文献   

Delamerian Orogeny and potential foreland sedimentation: A review of age and stratigraphic constraints     

P. W. Haines  T. Flöttmann 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(4):559-570

A review of available geochronology and biostratigraphy leads to the conclusion that a considerable thickness of Cambrian sedimentary rocks exposed in the Arrowie and Stansbury Basins, South Australia, was probably deposited in a foreland setting during early phases of the Delamerian Orogeny. In contrast to most previous stratigraphic correlation schemes, we consider that the pre‐tectonic Kanmantoo Group was deposited synchronously with the locally thick upper Hawker Group in essentially en echelon basins during a final phase of extensional sedimentation within the Adelaide ‘Geosyncline’. The base of the locally overlying ‘redbed package’ (base of the Billy Creek and Minlaton Formations) is interpreted as the sedimentological signature of the onset of convergent deformation and associated uplift within the Delamerian Orogen at about 522 Ma. This early ('Kangarooian') phase of the Delamerian Orogeny is interpreted as the progressive development of a coherent sigmoidal fold‐thrust belt within the combined Fleurieu‐Nackara Arcs, with locally developed high‐temperature‐low‐pressure metamorphism and granitoid intrusions dating from about 516 Ma. The ‘redbed package’ is absent from the Fleurieu‐Nackara Arc region and displays isopach, palaeocurrent and facies trends consistent with derivation from this uplifted area or from the associated flexural bulge to the west. From seismic evidence we conclude that thick foreland basin deposits are present beneath Gulf St Vincent. Late phases of the Delamerian Orogeny led to local and relatively mild deformation of the early foreland deposits.  相似文献   

Gravitational drainage systems in urban areas: case study (Galaţi town, Romania)     

Fl. Zamfirescu  I. Popa  Al. Danchiv 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(6):887-896

The water leakage in the urban areas causes a continuous rise in the water table, with harmful effects. An experimental drainage system, based on horizontal well technology, was designed and implemented in a populated area. Groundwater flow modeling was used to assess the hydrodynamic efficiency of the system through drain conductance parameter estimation.  相似文献   

Temporali e precipitazioni temporalesche al margine meridionale delle Alpi     

Fl. Ambrosetti 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1954,28(1):261-272

Riassunto Per il periodo 1936–1950 vengono comunicati il numero medio annuo dei giorni con temporali (udito almeno un tuono) e la statistica dei periodi di giorni successivi con temporali, secondo la loro lunghezza, per 8 stazioni poste pressapoco su di una sezione da sud a nord attraverso le Alpi, con estremi Milano e Zurigo. Per Locarno-Monti, periodo 1936–1953, sono confrontate le precipitazioni dei giorni con temporali con la quantità totale. Per il semestre aprile-settembre del quinquennio 1949–1953, le precipitazioni di Locarno-Monti dei giorni con temporali vengono suddivise secondo i tre tipi di temporali: frontali, di Südstau e locali, tenendo conto che nello stesso giorno ad ore diverse possono verificarsi temporali di diverso tipo, e paragonate fra loro.

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Zusammenfassung Von acht Stationen, die ungefähr auf der Linie Mailand-Zürich liegen, wurden für die Periode 1936–1950 die mittlere Anzahl der Tage mit Gewittern und Andauer aufeinanderfolgender Gewittertage berechnet. Des weiteren wurde für die Station Locarno-Monti (1936–1953) der Anteil der Niederschlagsmenge an Gewittertagen an der Gesamtmenge ermittelt und für die Periode 1949–1953 von April bis September die Niederschlagsmenge an den Tagen untersucht, an denen Front-, Südstauoder Lokalgewitter vorkamen. Auch die Fälle, an denen am gleichen Tag verschiedene Gewitterarten auftraten, wurden berücksichtigt.

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Comunicazione presentata alla II Assemblea Generale della Società Italiana di Geofisica e Meteorologia, Genova, 23–25 Aprile 1954.  相似文献   

Coccolithen-Diagenese in Malm-Kalken (Solnhofen/Frankenalb,Oberalm/Salzburg)     

Prof. Dr. Erik Flügel  Dr. Helmut Keupp 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1979,68(3):876-893

Zusammenfassung Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Solnhofener Plattenkalke (Lagunensediment) und der Oberalmer Kalke (bathyale Sedimente) zeigen weitgehend ähnliche diagenetische Veränderungen der Coccolithen-Morphologie. Die Vielfalt der während der Sedimentation, am Meersboden und im Sediment möglichen Lösungs- und Abscheidungsvorgänge (siehe Abb. 1) erscheinen in den beiden, aus unterschiedlichen paläogeographischen Bereichen stammenden Malm-Kalken homogenisiert.

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According to Stereoscan Electron Microscope Studies of the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) Solnhofen limestone (Southern Franconia) and of the Oberalm limestone (Northern Calcareous Alps) similar diagenetic criteria can be recognized in the alterations of the coccolith morphology. In contrast to the various solution- and precipitation patterns formed during the sedimentation of the ultraplancton, on the sea-floor or in the sediment (see fig. 1) no differentiation can be made with regard to the submicroscopic criteria caused by diagenetic processes in different environments (Solnhofen: subtidal lagoon with alternating hypersaline conditions with growth of blue-green-algal mats and normal marine water conditions with the sedimentation of ultraplancton. — Oberalm: bathyal basin with strongly burrowed soft bottoms and common sedimentation of ultraplancton).

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Résumé Les études par S.E.M. des calcaires en minces bancs de Solenhofen (sédiment lagunaire) et des calcaires d'Oberalm (sédiment bathyal) montrent des transformations diagénétiques sensiblement les mÊmes dans la morphologie des coccolithes. La multiplicité des processus de dissolution et de précipitation pouvant intervenir au cours de la sédimentation sur le fond de la mer et dans le sédiment, apparaissent comme s'homogénéisant dans ces deux calcaires du Mahn provenant de domaines paléogéographiques différents.

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The nature of water in chalcedony and opal-C from brazilian agate geodes     

H. Graetsch  O. W. Flörke  G. Miehe 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1985,12(5):300-306

The water species (H₂O_(SiOH) and H₂O_(mol)) of length-fast chalcedony and opal-C in Brazilian agates were studied with thermoanalytical, chemical and infrared absorption methods. Specific surfaces were measured with the BET nitrogen adsorption method and the specific densities were determined. Chalcedony and opal-C have fully hydrated crystal surfaces at the open porosity. They contain additional water at inner surfaces, which are closed micropores in the case of opal-C and regions of accumulated defects (e.g. twinlamellae boundaries) in chalcedony. All surfaces are covered with silanole groups, hydrogen-bonded to molecular water. Additional hydroxyl groups, weakly hydrogen bonded to the structural framework within the crystallites, are located at structural point defects. Wall-lining chalcedony ranges from translucent gray to milky white bands corresponding with decreasing total water content, the H₂O_(SiOH)/H₂O_(mol)-ratio, BET-surfaces and increasing density. The H₂O_(SiOH)/H₂O_(mol)-ratio is sensitive to subsequent hydrothermal treatment and indicates a low temperature formation of chalcedony.  相似文献   

Electron irradiation damage in quartz, SiO2     

B. Martin  O. W. Flörke  E. Kainka  R. Wirth 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1996,23(7):409-417

Crystallographically orientated samples of synthetic optical-grade colourless quartz with high chemical purity and low dislocation density together with synthetic gem-grade amethyst with high Fe-concentration and ca. 250 H/10⁶ Si (“dry”) or 600 H/10⁶ Si (“wet”) and with very high dislocation densities were irradiated using TEM. Samples of cuts perpendicular (<c>-cuts) and parallel (<X>-cuts) to the c-axis, that were as-grown or pretreated for 5 days at 820 K on air or under p(H₂O)=10⁸ Pa were prepared. Characterization methods used include AAS, FTIR, Raman-spectroscopy, X-ray-topography, REM, TEM in SAED and bright-field mode and polarized light microscopy. Radiolysis was carried out in TEM from 10 to 300 K with 100 kV and from 70–850 K (low-high-transition temperature of quartz) with 200 kV. Irradiation damage was investigated by decay of Kikuchi-lines or of Bragg reflections in SAED and in bright-field mode by development of strain contrast centres and of noncrystalline volume areas. Special preparates where the irradiation damage was of microscopic dimensions were investigated using Raman-spectroscopy. Radiolysis of quartz is able to proceed at 10 K with measurable velocity. The required electron dose for a standardized irradiation damage decreases with increasing temperature. At ca. 500 K it goes through a minimum and then increases steadily up to ca. 700 K. From there the increase is steep until ca. 820 K where it culminates sharply, showing strong fluctuations until 850 K. The <X>-cuts in the as-grown state show significantly higher irradiation damage sensitivity than <E1>-cuts. Dry or hydrothermal preheating increases the overall sensitivity of irradiation damage and levels out the orientation differences. The high Fe-concentrations in amethyst in comparison with very pure quartz have no detectable influence on the damage sensitivity. This is also true for different water concentrations independently from the ratio of silanole-group to molecular water. Sample thinning by ion etching with different gun currents produces differences in irradiation sensitivity. Thinning by crushing produces samples with sensitivities comparable with ion-etching at low gun current.  相似文献   

Controls of mud mound formation: The Early Devonian Kess-Kess carbonates of the Hamar Laghdad,Antiatlas, Morocco     

Dr. T. C. Brachert  Prof. Dr. W. Buggisch  Prof. Dr. E. Flügel  Dr. H. M. Hüssner  Dr. M. M. Joachimski  Dr. F. Tourneur  Prof. Dr. O. H. Walliser 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1992,81(1):15-44

The origin and development of Early Devonian (late Pragian to late Zlichovian; predominantly uppermost Zlichovian as indicated by conodont faunas) mud mounds of the Hamar Laghdad area in the eastern Antiatlas, Morocco, are controlled by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors include the existence of a paleohigh (Lochkovian volcaniclastics), unidirectional currents and repeated storm events as well as sea level fluctuations. Intrinsic, biologically induced factors are the preferred growth of organisms on the top and the flanks of the mounds because of more favourable ecological conditions, and a rapid synsedimentary lithification of the steep mound flanks by interskeletal cementation of auloporid tabulate corals.The mounds developed in an epicontinental basin below the wave base but within the range of storms.The formation of the mounds started within the uppermost part of the bedded crinoid facies of the Kess-Kess Formation with the hydrological accumulation of a bioclastic pile. This elevation became settled by crinoids and high-diverse tabulate corals producing bioclastic sediment. Binding activities of the organisms were missing, calcareous algae and stromatoporoids are completely absent. Baffling by thamnoporid tabulate corals might have occurred locally but was not important for the development of the mounds.Steep slopes to the north and less steep slopes to the south may be the result of north-northwest to south-southeast trending currents, derived from orientation patterns of orthocone nautiloids in the uppermost beds of the Kess-Kess Formation.A synsedimentary cementation of the flanks, possibly triggered by submarine interskeletal cementation of patchily distributed auloporid colonies, protected the bioclastic sediment against redistribution by frequent storms (indicated by densely spaced eventstone intervals and partly also by the common »Stromatactis«-like structures within the mound facies).Accumulation of more parautochthonous bioclastic sediment within the mounds as compared to the intermound area, therefore, is caused by a selfsustaining system of hydrologic piling of sediment triggered by storms, preferred settlement of organisms upon these piles, producing bioclastic sediment and coeval biocementation of the growing mound flanks.This model differs from existing mud mound models in the lack or only minor significance of binding and baffling, in the lack of mound facies sequences and in the greater importance of extrinsic control factors.

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Zusammenfassung Die Bildung der unterdevonischen Mud Mounds (oberes Prag bis Zlichov; nach Conodonten-Faunen überwiegend Grenzbereich Zlichov/Daleje) im Hamar Laghdad im östlichen Antiatlas (Marokko) wurde durch exogene und biologische Faktoren kontrolliert: Exogene Faktoren umfassen die Existenz eines im Zeitbereich Lochkov bis unteres Prag gebildeten Hochgebietes (Vulkanschwelle), die Auswirkungen von Meeresspiegelschwankungen sowie die Existenz von gerichteten Bodenströmungen und von häufig auftretenden Großstürmen. Biologisch induzierte Faktoren sind das bevorzugte Wachstum sessiler Organismen (Crinoiden, tabulate Korallen) am Top und am Hang der Mounds und die durch die synsedimentäre Zementation von Auloporiden-Kolonien ausgelöste rasche Lithifizierung der steilen Mound-Flanken.Die Mounds entstanden unterhalb der Wellenbasis, aber oberhalb der Sturmwellenbasis. Die Mound-Bildung begann im obersten Abschnitt der Kess-Kess-Formation mit der durch Stürme verstärkten Anhäufung von bioklastischem Sediment. Die derart entstandenen flachen Hügelstrukturen wurden durch Crinoiden und tabulate Korallen (Auloporiden, Favositiden/Thamnoporen) besiedelt, die neues bioklastisches Sediment lieferten. Sedimentbindende Organismen wie Kalkalgen oder Stromatoporen fehlen. Die Rolle der tabulaten Korallen als Sedimentfänger war gering (Thamnoporen).NNW-SSE gerichtete Strömungen (abgeleitet aus der Einregelung von orthoconen Nautiloideen) dürften für die Ausbildung von steilen Nord- und weniger steilen Südflanken der Mounds verantwortlich gewesen sein.Die synsedimentäre Biozementation schützte die wachsenden Mounds gegen Zerstörung durch die in relativ kurzen Abständen auftretenden Stürme, deren Wirkung durch eng aufeinanderfolgende Eventstone-Lagen und durch Stromatactis-ähnliche Hohlraumstrukturen angezeigt wird.Die Mound-Bildung entspricht daher einem sich selbst verstärkenden System, bestehend aus einer durch Stürme induzierten Sedimentanhäufung auf einer Tiefschwelle, bevorzugter Besiedlung der derart gebildeten lokalen Kalksand- und Schlammbänke durch bioklastisches Sediment liefernde Crinoiden und tabulate Korallen und gleichzeitiger rascher Zementation der Mound-Flanken.Das Modell unterscheidet sich von üblichen Mud Mound Modellen durch die geringe bis fehlende Bedeutung der Sedimentbildung durch sedimentbindende oder sedimentfangende Organismen, durch das Fehlen von deutlichen Fazies-Folgen innerhalb der Mounds und durch die größere Rolle von exogenen Steuerungsfaktoren.

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Résumé Les mud mounds de la région de Hamar Laghdad (Anti-Atlas oriental, Maroc), s'étendent du Praguien supérieur au Zlichovien supérieur, avec prédominance au Zlichovien tardif d'après les faunes à conodontes. Leur origine et leur développement sont régis par des facteurs externes et internes. Les facteurs externes comprennent: l'existence du Lochkovien au Praguien inférieur d'un paléorelief d'origine volcanique, la présence de courants de fond orientés, l'occurrence de tempêtes répétées ainsi que des fluctuations du niveau de la mer. Les facteurs internes, d'origine biologique, sont: la croissance des organismes qui, en raison des conditions écologiques plus favorables, s'effectue de préférence sur le sommet et les flancs des mounds, ainsi qu'une lithification rapide synsédimentaire sur les flancs raides due à la cimentation par des coraux tabulés auloporides.Les mounds se sont développés dans un bassin épicontinental à une profondeur inférieure à la base des vagues, mais atteinte par l'agitation des tempêtes.La formation des mounds a commencé dans la partie supérieure de la Formation de Kess-Kess, avec l'accumulation par les tempêtes d'un sédiment bioclastique. Les légers bombements ainsi engendrés ont été alors occupés par des crinoïdes et divers coraux tabulés qui ont engendré de nouveaux sédiments bioclastiques. Les organismes susceptibles de fixer les sédiments, comme les algues ou les stromatopores, font défaut. Le rôle des tabulés comme capteurs de sédiments était subordonné.La présence de pentes raides sur les flancs nord et plus modérées sur les flancs sud est attribuée à des courants de tempête, dirigés du NNW au SSE, dont témoignent l'orientation de Nautiloïdes orthocones dans les couches supérieures de la Formation de Kess-Kess.Les mud-mounds en voie de croissance ont été protégés de la destruction par les tempêtes répétées grâce à une biocimentation synsédimentaire, dont témoignent des niveaux serrés d'eventstone ainsi que les structures fréquentes de type «Stromatactis».De la sorte, l'accumulation préférentielle de sédiments bioclastiques sur les mounds, par rapport aux aires voisines, résulte d'un système auto-entretenu, comportant l'accumulation par l'action de tempêtes de sédiments en amas surbaissés, l'occupation préférentielle de ces reliefs par des organismes producteurs de bioclastites et la cimentation concomitante des flancs des mounds en formation. Ce modèle se distingue de ceux qui sont habituellement proposés par l'absence d'organismes fixateurs de sédiments, par l'absence de séquences de faciès dans les mounds et par le rôle important joué par les facteurs externes.

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