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123.
Oliver Wetter Christian Pfister Johannes P. Werner Eduardo Zorita Sebastian Wagner Sonia I. Seneviratne Jürgen Herget Uwe Grünewald Jürg Luterbacher Maria-Joao Alcoforado Mariano Barriendos Ursula Bieber Rudolf Brázdil Karl H. Burmeister Chantal Camenisch Antonio Contino Petr Dobrovolný Rüdiger Glaser Iso Himmelsbach Andrea Kiss Oldřich Kotyza Thomas Labbé Danuta Limanówka Laurent Litzenburger Øyvind Nordli Kathleen Pribyl Dag Retsö Dirk Riemann Christian Rohr Werner Siegfried Johan Söderberg Jean-Laurent Spring 《Climatic change》2014,125(3-4):365-367
124.
Oliver Wetter Christian Pfister Johannes P. Werner Eduardo Zorita Sebastian Wagner Sonia I. Seneviratne Jürgen Herget Uwe Grünewald Jürg Luterbacher Maria-Joao Alcoforado Mariano Barriendos Ursula Bieber Rudolf Brázdil Karl H. Burmeister Chantal Camenisch Antonio Contino Petr Dobrovolný Rüdiger Glaser Iso Himmelsbach Andrea Kiss Oldřich Kotyza Thomas Labbé Danuta Limanówka Laurent Litzenburger Øyvind Nordl Kathleen Pribyl Dag Retsö Dirk Riemann Christian Rohr Werner Siegfried Johan Söderberg Jean-Laurent Spring 《Climatic change》2014,125(3-4):349-363
The heat waves of 2003 in Western Europe and 2010 in Russia, commonly labelled as rare climatic anomalies outside of previous experience, are often taken as harbingers of more frequent extremes in the global warming-influenced future. However, a recent reconstruction of spring–summer temperatures for WE resulted in the likelihood of significantly higher temperatures in 1540. In order to check the plausibility of this result we investigated the severity of the 1540 drought by putting forward the argument of the known soil desiccation-temperature feedback. Based on more than 300 first-hand documentary weather report sources originating from an area of 2 to 3 million km2, we show that Europe was affected by an unprecedented 11-month-long Megadrought. The estimated number of precipitation days and precipitation amount for Central and Western Europe in 1540 is significantly lower than the 100-year minima of the instrumental measurement period for spring, summer and autumn. This result is supported by independent documentary evidence about extremely low river flows and Europe-wide wild-, forest- and settlement fires. We found that an event of this severity cannot be simulated by state-of-the-art climate models. 相似文献
125.
Julien Nikiema Mario Schirmer Walter Gläßer Ronald Krieg 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(1):11-26
About 24 samples from hand-dug wells and boreholes were used to characterize concentrations of the main inorganic ions in
a laterite environment under semi-arid climatic conditions in Tikaré, northern Burkina Faso. It was found that the most represented
groundwater anion in groundwater was HCO3
− with average levels of 49.1 mg/L in the dry season and 33.5 mg/L in the rainy season. The most represented cation was Ca2+ with mean concentrations of 13.7 and 9.5 mg/L, respectively. The main processes, which influence the concentrations of these
ions, are evaporation (dry season), local enrichment of recharge water in some elements, ion exchange and fixation by clay
minerals (in case of K+). The best correlations were found between Ca2+ and Mg2+ (r = 0.95), Cl− and Na+ (r = 0.95), HCO3
− and Mg2+ (r = 0.89), HCO3
− and Ca2+ (r = 0.89), and between HCO3
− and Na+ (r = 0.80). In general, the quality of the groundwater from the different wells sampled for this study was good enough to serve
as drinking water. However, there were situations where the quality of water was polluted because of anthropogenic contaminants
(mainly NO3
−, K+, Cl−) from septic tanks and manure pits located in the vicinity of some sampled wells. In addition, application of fertilizers
also represents a potential anthropogenic contamination source with regard to SO4
2−, Ca2+, K+, Na+, and Mg2+. Considering the high concentrations of SO4
2−, Mg2+, Na+ and Ca2+ found in one borehole, the deeper, fractured aquifers were also likely to be enriched in these elements. In contrast, the
shallow aquifers are likely to be contaminated with Cl−, NO3
− and K+. Cl− and K+ seem to be locally present in recharge water as shown by their relative higher mean concentrations in the rainy season samples. 相似文献
126.
Wolfgang Schirmer 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2010,2(1):32-40
All younger Pleistocene interglacials form interglacial complexes. The term interglacial complex is a short term for a tight complex of interglacials, interstadials and breviglacials, separating a complex of warm periods from the long glacial periods (euglacials). In the terrestric environment the interglacial complexes are represented by soil clusters (solcomplexes). Therein which occur interglacial and interstadial soils of different types in the loess environment separated by thin beds of loess or loess derivates (breviglacials). This article considers the mutilation and simulation of solcomplexes. Frequently, fossil solcomplexes present themselves as diminished to a few soils or to one single soil. This mutilation of solcomplexes can be due to soil convergence (soils of different warm periods — interglacials, interstadials — merge to form optically one soil), syn-solcomplex erosion or post-solcomplex erosion and sometimes to soil disguise. Conversely solcomplexes may be simulated by narrowing of soils which belong to different interglacial complexes and moreover by soil divergence (splitting of a soil of one single warm period by an interlayer of rock) or by reworked soil sediment. 相似文献
127.
Avaatech型X荧光扫描仪是由计算机控制的柱状样扫描装置,可以从剖开样品表面直接获得沉积物的化学组成,无需破坏样品的整体性。能够实现几乎连续的测试,快速地得到从Al到u的所有元素的相对含量。XRF扫描仪已经成功地应用于高分辨率、不同时间序列和时间尺度的地层对比以及沉积相和古气候重建。 相似文献