Ecotone or Ecocline: Ecological Boundaries in Estuaries   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. J. Attrill  S. D. Rundle 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2002,55(6):929

Two main ecological boundaries, ecotone and ecocline, have been defined in landscape ecology. At this scale, the estuary represents a boundary between rivers and the sea, but there has been no attempt to fit empirical data for estuaries to these boundary models. An extensive data set from the Thames estuary was analysed using multivariate techniques and species-range analysis, in order to investigate whether the ecocline or the ecotone model was most relevant to this estuary. Data for periods of high and low freshwater flow allowed the impact of large-scale fluctuations implicit in both models to be determined.A continuum of assemblages existed along the salinity gradient from freshwater river to the North Sea, with shifts in the ranges of organisms apparent in response to changes in freshwater flow. This pattern closely fits an ecocline model. However, the estuary differs from previously defined ecoclines in having two overlapping gradients in the major stressor: from river to mid-estuary for freshwater species and from sea to mid-estuary for marine species. We propose, therefore, that the estuary represents a two-ecocline model, with fauna inhabiting the mid-estuary being either freshwater or marine species at the edge of their range, rather than ‘ true estuarine organisms ’. This allows a redefinition of the Remane diagram, with estuarine species removed, and supports previous arguments that brackish-water species do not exist. Such two-ecocline models may also exist in other marine systems, such as rocky shores.  相似文献   

The composition and distribution of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in nearshore sediments, river sediments, and coastal peat of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Implications for detecting anthropogenic hydrocarbon inputs     

Margarete S. Steinhauer  Paul D. Boehm   《Marine environmental research》1992,33(4)

A 3-year program, to determine spatial and temporal trends in sediment concentrations of hydrocarbons and metals from oil and gas exploration and development activities, was conducted in the US Beaufort Sea. Concentrations of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Beaufort Sea were elevated in comparison to non-polluted shelf-sediments from other regions of the US coast. Potential natural sources for hydrocarbons that were examined included riverine sediments and coastal peat. Significant quantities of fossil hydrocarbons characterize the surface sediments from the entire region. Sediment inputs from river discharges appear to account for this observation. The use of source-diagnostic ratios has allowed the differentiation of various sources in an area with high naturally-occurring hydrocarbon concentrations where effects due to oil and gas exploration and development activities may be obscured.  相似文献   

Statistical analysis of a global photochemical model of the atmosphere     

V. A. Frol’kis  I. L. Karol’  A. A. Kiselev  Yu. E. Ozolin  V. A. Zubov 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2007,43(4):413-422

This is a study of the sensitivity of model results (atmospheric content of main gas constituents and radiative characteristics of the atmosphere) to errors in emissions of a number of atmospheric gaseous pollutants. Groups of the model variables most dependent on these errors are selected. Two variants of emissions are considered: one without their evolution and the other with their variation according to the IPCC scenario. The estimates are made on the basis of standard statistical methods for the results obtained with the detailed onedimensional radiative—photochemical model of the Main Geophysical Observatory (MGO). Some approaches to such estimations with models of higher complexity and to the solution of the inverse problem (i.e., the estimation of the necessary accuracy of external model parameters for obtaining the given accuracy of model results) are outlined.  相似文献   

Mud and fluid migration in active mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7  

S. Planke  H. Svensen  M. Hovland  D. A. Banks  B. Jamtveit 《Geo-Marine Letters》2003,23(3-4):258-268

Mud volcanic eruptions in Azerbaijan normally last for less than a few hours, and are characterized by vigorous extrusion of mud breccias, hydrocarbon gases, and waters. Recent fieldwork and mapping on four active mud volcanoes show that dormant period activity ranges from quiet to vigorous flow of mud and fluids. Geochemical analyses of expelled waters show a wide range in solute concentrations, suggesting the existence of a complex plumbing system. The mud and fluids have a deep origin, but are sometimes stored in intermediate-depth mud chambers. A mixing model between deep-seated saline waters and shallow meteoric water is proposed.  相似文献   

Atmospheric forcing of fine-sand transport on a low-energy inner shelf: south-central Louisiana,USA     

David A. Pepper  Gregory W. Stone 《Geo-Marine Letters》2002,22(1):33-41

Hydrodynamic and sediment transport measurements from instrumentation deployed during a 54-day winter period at two sites on the Louisiana inner shelf are presented. Strong extratropical storms, with wind speeds of 7.8 to 15.1 m s^-1, were the dominant forcing mechanism during the study. These typically caused mean oscillatory flows and shear velocities about 33% higher than fair weather (averaging 12.3 and 3.2 cm s^-1 at the landward site, and 11.4 and 2.7 cm s^-1 at the seaward site, respectively). These responses were coupled with mean near-bottom currents more than twice as strong as during fair weather (10.3 and 7.5 cm s^-1 at the landward and seaward sites, respectively). These flowed in approximately the same direction as the veering wind, causing a net offshore transport of fine sand. Weak storms were responsible for little sediment transport whereas during fair weather, onshore sand transport of approximately 25-75% of the storm values appears to have occurred. This contradicts previous predictions of negligible fair-weather sediment movement on this inner shelf.  相似文献   

Thermal fluxes and stability of the upper boundary of deep near-bottom layer in the Black Sea     

V. M. Kushnir 《Physical Oceanography》1997,8(1):29-38

Experimentally-derived data are used to scrutinize structural peculiarities of the upper boundary of deep near-bottom layer in the Black Sea. Thermal fluxes through the layer’s upper boundary have been evaluated and compared with the geothermal fluxes. Although there is significant divergence between the individual evaluations, the quantities at issue generally agree with one another. It is shown that in evaluating thermal fluxes, it is necessary to consider fine structure of the differential-diffusive type. Stability of the upper boundary of the deep near-bottom layer has been examined, and diagrams of stability/instability resulting from the development of convection have been plotted. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.  相似文献   

Primary production and plankton stocks in the Pacific Ocean and their seasonal variation according to remote sensing and field observations     

M.E. vinogradov  E.A. Shushkina  V.I. Vedernikov  N.P. Nezlin  V.I. Gagarin 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》1997,44(9-10)

Data collected from 20 years of observations by the P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (about 250 comprehensive ecosystem stations) are summarized to evaluate the primary production and biomass of the principal groups of plankton in the Pacific Ocean. The stations were classified into geographical regions according to satellite determined criteria. The areas of these regions were evaluated according to CZCS data from 1978 to 1986. The total value of primary production was evaluated as 26·9 Gt C year⁻¹. Taking the “bottle effect” correction into account, this value may be as high as 45.6 Gt C year⁻¹. Total biomass values of phytoplankton (134 Mt C), bacteria (86 Mt C), protozoa (26 Mt C) and mesoplankton (184 Mt C) were also calculated. Seasonal variabilities of all these values were remarkably insignificant.  相似文献   

Design of a tri-axial thrust anemometer for measurement of atmospheric turbulence over water     

J.-G. Dessureault  D.F. Knox 《Ocean Engineering》1980,7(4):521-537

The BIO Mark 8 thrust anemometer measures the drag of the wind on a perforated table tennis ball mounted on a vertical beam. The tri-axial displacement of the beam is sensed by eddy current proximity sensors. This anemometer has a flat frequency response from 0 to 10 Hz and can measure wind from 0 to 28 m s⁻¹ at temperature from − 19 to + 28°C. It is designed for remote operation for extended periods of time such as on stable towers at sea.  相似文献   

Cadmium in Mytilus spp.: Worldwide survey and relationship between seawater and mussel content     

D. Cossa 《Marine environmental research》1988,26(4)

A worldwide literature survey of data on cadmium concentration in the soft tissue of the mussel, Mytilus spp., from 591 stations is presented. These stations are from 13 regions. Geometric means for the regions vary from 0·6 to 3·3 μg g⁻¹ (dry weight) for the Barents Sea and the Northeastern Pacific coast, respectively.The averages of seven of these regions, for which reliable cadmium concentrations in seawater were available, were used to calculate a relationship between cadmium concentrations in seawater and mussel soft tissue. The relationship was highly significant: (Cd) mussel (μg g⁻¹, dry weight) = 0·074 (Cd) water (ng litre⁻¹) + 0·39 (P ≤ 0·0005).This model has been successfully applied in the context of the contamination of the Gironde estuary (France). It can also be used to define a water quality criterion for mussel maturing parks consistent with the quality criterion defined for shellfish for human consumption.  相似文献   

Interstitial water chemistry of Jamaican reef sediment: sulfate reduction and submarine cementation     

John D Pigott  Lynton S Land 《Marine Chemistry》1986,19(4)

Chemical and isotopic analyses of pore waters from Jamaican reef sediment suggest the importance of microbial sulfate reduction as a major control upon the origin, distribution, and composition of submarine cements in this fringing reef setting. Fore-reef sediment pore waters exhibit active sulfate reduction and enrichment in ¹⁸O which is consistent with associated active magnesian calcite cementation, alkalinity consumption, and cement enrichment in ¹⁸O. Conversely, lack of widespread submarine cementation in the back-reef corresponds to the diminished resupply of sulfate coupled with input of CO₂-charged meteoric water from a nearby unconfined aquifer into the more stagnant pore waters which lower pore-water magnesian calcite saturation states and preclude active submarine cementation.  相似文献