全文获取类型
收费全文 | 41950篇 |
免费 | 549篇 |
国内免费 | 227篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 900篇 |
大气科学 | 2084篇 |
地球物理 | 8857篇 |
地质学 | 16310篇 |
海洋学 | 3709篇 |
天文学 | 9480篇 |
综合类 | 126篇 |
自然地理 | 1260篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 527篇 |
2021年 | 795篇 |
2020年 | 849篇 |
2019年 | 899篇 |
2018年 | 1932篇 |
2017年 | 1757篇 |
2016年 | 1954篇 |
2015年 | 853篇 |
2014年 | 1666篇 |
2013年 | 2367篇 |
2012年 | 1900篇 |
2011年 | 2119篇 |
2010年 | 2000篇 |
2009年 | 2212篇 |
2008年 | 1935篇 |
2007年 | 2104篇 |
2006年 | 1862篇 |
2005年 | 1000篇 |
2004年 | 914篇 |
2003年 | 919篇 |
2002年 | 820篇 |
2001年 | 839篇 |
2000年 | 714篇 |
1999年 | 466篇 |
1998年 | 512篇 |
1997年 | 538篇 |
1996年 | 376篇 |
1995年 | 421篇 |
1994年 | 412篇 |
1993年 | 317篇 |
1992年 | 327篇 |
1991年 | 324篇 |
1990年 | 383篇 |
1989年 | 307篇 |
1988年 | 288篇 |
1987年 | 291篇 |
1986年 | 222篇 |
1985年 | 331篇 |
1984年 | 320篇 |
1983年 | 330篇 |
1982年 | 308篇 |
1981年 | 279篇 |
1980年 | 296篇 |
1979年 | 230篇 |
1978年 | 273篇 |
1977年 | 233篇 |
1976年 | 194篇 |
1975年 | 215篇 |
1974年 | 195篇 |
1973年 | 241篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
991.
B. K. Bhattacharya V. K. Dadhwal 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2005,33(2):331-338
The retrieval of land (soil-vegetation complex) surface temperature (LST) was carried out over semi-arid mixed agriculture
landscape of Gujarat using thermal bands (channel 4 and 5) and ground emissivity from atmospherically corrected NDVI of NOAA
AVHRR LAC images. The atmospheric correction of Visible and NIR band reflectance was done using SMAC model. The LST computed
from split-window method and subsequently corrected with fractional vegetation cover were then compared with near synchronous
ground observations of soil and air temperatures made during 13–17 January and April, 1997 at five Land Surface Processes
Experiment (LASPEX) sites of Anand, Sanand, Derol, Arnej and Khandha covering 100 km x 100 km. The fractional vegetation cover
corrected LST at noon hrs. varied from 301.6 – 311.9K in January and from 315.8 – 325.6K in April. The LSTcorr were found to lie in the mid way between AT and ST during January. But in April, LST were found to be more close to ST which
may be due to relatively poor vegetation growth as indicated by lower NDVI values in April indicating more contribution to
LST from exposed soil surface. 相似文献
992.
Check dam positioning by prioritization of micro-watersheds using SYI model and morphometric analysis — Remote sensing and GIS perspective 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
K. Nooka Ratnam Y. K. Srivastava V. Venkateswara Rao E. Amminedu K. S. R. Murthy 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2005,33(1):25-38
Sediment Yield Index (SYI) model and results of morphometric analysis have been used to prioritize watersheds and to locate
sites for checkdam positioning in Tarafeni watershed in Midnapur district. West Bengal. Various thematic maps such as land
use/land cover, slope, drainage, soil etc. were prepared from 1RS ID LISS III digital data, SOI toposheets of 1:50,000 scale
and other reference maps. Morphometric parameters such as bifurcation ratio (Rb). drainage density (Dd), texture ratio (T), length of overland flow (Lo), stream frequency (Fu), compactness coefficient (Cc), circularity ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Er), shape factor (Bs) and form factor (Rf) were computed. Automated demarcation of prioritization of micro-watersheds was done by using GIS overlaying technique by
assigning weight factors to all the identified features in each thematic map and ranks were assigned to the morphometric parameters.
Five categories of priority viz., very high, high, medium, low and very low, were given to all the watersheds in both the
methods. Sixty-two micro-watersheds using SYI method and twenty-three micro-watersheds using morphometric have been prioritized
as very high priority. Final priority map was prepared by considering the commonly occurred very high-prioritized micro-watersheds
in both SYI model and morphometric analysis. Twenty-four suitable sites were identified for check dam construction in 21 highly
prioritized watersheds. It is proved that integrated study of SYI model and morphometric analysis yield good result in prioritization
of watersheds. 相似文献
993.
V. Badescu 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2002,72(1-2):127-136
Summary A model that uses two parameters to describe the state of the sky is presented. The parameters are the total cloud amount
and a new two-value parameter – the sunshine number – stating whether the sun is covered or uncovered by clouds. Regression
formulae to compute instantaneous cloudy sky global and diffuse irradiance on a horizontal surface are proposed. Fitting these
relationships to Romanian data shows low bias errors for global radiation but larger errors for diffuse radiation. The model’s
accuracy is significantly higher than one based on total cloud amount alone. The model is used to generate time-series of
solar radiation data. A first approximate relationship, neglecting auto-correlation of the sunshine number, is used in the
computations.
Received July 17, 2001 Revised November 7, 2001 相似文献
994.
995.
A. S. Isaev G. N. Korovin S. A. Bartalev D. V. Ershov A. Janetos E. S. Kasischke H. H. Shugart N. H. F. French B. E. Orlick T. L. Murphy 《Climatic change》2002,55(1-2):235-249
Russian boreal forests are subject to frequent wildfires. The resulting combustion of large amounts of biomass not only transforms forest vegetation, but it also creates significant carbon emissions that total, according to some authors, from 35–94 Mt C per year. These carbon emissions from forest fires should be considered an important part of the forest ecosystem carbon balance and a significant influence on atmospheric trace gases. In this paper we discuss a new method to assess forest fire damage. This method is based on using multi-spectral high-resolution satellite images, large-scale aerial photography, and declassified images obtained from the space-borne national security systems. A normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) difference image was produced from pre- and post-fire satellite images from SPOT/HRVIR and RESURS-O/MSU-E images. A close relationship was found between values of the NDVI difference image and forest damage level. High-resolution satellite data and large-scale aerial-photos were used to calibrate the NDVI-derived forest damage map. The method was used for mapping of forest fire extent and damage and for estimating carbon emissions from burned forest areas. 相似文献
996.
M. J. Costa M. Cervino E. Cattani F. Torricella V. Levizzani A. M. Silva S. Melani 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2002,81(3-4):289-298
Summary ?Retrievals of atmospheric aerosol optical thickness are highly dependent on the choice of the class describing the aerosol
properties leading to significant errors while using classes available in the literature. High spectral resolution measurements
from GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) between the ultraviolet and the near infrared can be used for an accurate characterization
of the aerosol optical properties. The radiometer MVIRI (METEOSAT Visible and Infrared Imager) on board the geostationary
satellite METEOSAT, while being equipped only with broadband VIS channel, ensures an adequate half-hourly monitoring of the
atmospheric conditions over a large portion of the Earth. The present algorithm is based on a combination of data from both
sensors for the retrieval of the aerosol optical thickness at the reference wavelength of 0.55 μm (AOT). A case of a desert
dust outbreak from the African continent over the Atlantic Ocean is examined. AOT values obtained using a priori fixed classes
taken from the literature are compared with those retrieved with this algorithm using the GOME-derived classes. Systematic
differences of the order of a few tenths on average are found which remain significant also after considering the measurement
errors. This represents a novelty introduced by the synergetic use of both sensors.
Received March 13, 2002 相似文献
997.
A. Ankilov A. Baklanov M. Colhoun K. -H. Enderle J. Gras Yu. Julanov D. Kaller A. Lindner A. A. Lushnikov R. Mavliev F. McGovern T. C. O'Connor J. Podzimek O. Preining G. P. Reischl R. Rudolf G. J. Sem W. W. Szymanski A. E. Vrtala P. E. Wagner W. Winklmayr V. Zagaynov 《Atmospheric Research》2002,62(3-4)
During an international workshop at the Institute for Experimental Physics of the University of Vienna, Austria, which was coordinated within the Committee on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols (IAMAS-IUGG), 10 instruments for aerosol number concentration measurement were studied, covering a wide range of methods based on various different measuring principles. In order to investigate the detection limits of the instruments considered with respect to particle size, simultaneous number concentration measurements were performed for monodispersed aerosols with particle sizes ranging from 1.5 to 50 nm diameter and various compositions.The instruments considered show quite different response characteristics, apparently related to the different vapors used in the various counters to enlarge the particles to an optically detectable size. A strong dependence of the 50% cutoff diameter on the particle composition in correlation with the type of vapor used in the specific instrument was found. An enhanced detection efficiency for ultrafine hygroscopic sodium chloride aerosols was observed with water operated systems, an analogous trend was found for n-butanol operated systems with nonhygroscopic silver and tungsten oxide particles. 相似文献
998.
Regular aerosol extinction and backscatter measurements using a UV Raman Lidar have been performed for almost 3 years in Hamburg in the frame of the German Lidar Network. A set of 92 aerosol extinction and 164 aerosol backscatter profiles has been used for statistical investigations. Mean values and variances of the aerosol extinction and backscatter in the boundary layer have been calculated. Large fluctuations during the whole year have been found. The measured aerosol extinction over Hamburg shows a seasonal cycle with highest values in early fall and a second less prominent peak in spring.An analysis of the data using back trajectories showed a dependence of the aerosol extinction on the origin of the air mass. The residence time of the air mass over industrialized areas was found to be an important parameter for the measured aerosol extinction at Hamburg. However, only a small part of the total variability could be explained by the air mass origin.For 75 cases of aerosol extinction measurements under cloud-free conditions, the aerosol backscatter profile and therefore, the lidar ratio as a function of altitude could be determined. Winter measurements of the lidar ratio are often close to model results for maritime aerosol, the summer measurements are close to the model results for urban or continental aerosols.The high quality of the data has been proven by intercomparisons with other lidar systems and with star photometer measurements of the aerosol optical depth during the Lindenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (LACE'98) field campaign. 相似文献
999.
F. J. Molina G. Verzeletti G. Magonette Ph. Buchet V. Renda M. Geradin A. Parducci M. Mezzi A. Pacchiarotti L. Federici S. Mascelloni 《地震工程与结构动力学》2002,31(8):1563-1582
A pseudodynamic testing procedure has been applied by which the seismic response of a base‐isolated building is obtained by using as specimen the isolators, while the superstructure is numerically simulated. The procedure also takes advantage of the continuous pseudodynamic testing capabilities of the ELSA laboratory, which increase the accuracy of the results and reduce the strain‐rate effect of the rubber bearings. A simple proportional correction of the measured forces compensates the remaining strain‐rate effect due to the unrealistic speed of the test. The correction factor is obtained by means of a characterizing test on the specific rubber isolators. The developed method has been successfully applied to the prediction of the seismic response of a base‐isolated four‐storey building submitted to several specified accelerograms. The results for those earthquakes as well as the effects of some changes of the parameters of the system are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
1000.
Data are presented on phosphorus mobility during the weathering of rhyolite–dacite tephra of the modern and ancient eruptions. Distal tephra cannot be considered a phosphorus source, since phosphorous has low mobility during weathering both in subaerial and subaqueous sedimentation conditions. However, volcanic ashes exert a fertilization effect, providing the supply of nutrient elements into the ecosystem of internal basins and coastal zones. 相似文献