Characterization of a landslide-triggered debris flow at a rainforest-covered mountain region in Brazil     

Cabral  Victor Carvalho  Reis  Fábio Augusto Gomes Vieira  D’Affonseca  Fernando Mazo  Lucía  Ana  dos Santos Corrêa  Claudia Vanessa  Veloso  Vinicius  Gramani  Marcelo Fischer  Ogura  Agostinho Tadashi  Lazaretti  Andrea Fregolente  Vemado  Felipe  Pereira Filho  Augusto José  dos Santos  Claudia Cristina  Lopes  Eymar Silva Sampaio  Rabaco  Lis Maria Reoni  do Carmo Giordano  Lucilia  Zarfl  Christiane 《Natural Hazards》2021,108(3):3021-3043

Natural Hazards - Debris flows represent great hazard to humans due to their high destructive power. Understanding their hydrogeomorphic dynamics is fundamental in hazard assessment studies,...  相似文献   

Overprinting porphyry‐type veinlets on the intrusive rocks and phreatomagmatic breccias in the Southwest prospect,southwestern Sto. Tomas II (Philex), Baguio District,Philippines     

Avriel Venis L. Cirineo  Akira Imai  Ryohei Takahashi  Redempta P. Baluda  Noel C. Oliveros  Victor B. Maglambayan  Roy Ronald C. Luis  Maria Lourdes M. Faustino  Jacky Almadin 《Resource Geology》2021,71(1):1-40

The Southwest prospect is located at the southwestern periphery of the Sto. Tomas II porphyry copper–gold deposit in the Baguio District, northwestern Luzon, Philippines. The Southwest prospect hosts a copper‐gold mineralization related to a complex of porphyry intrusions, breccia facies, and overlapping porphyry‐type veinlets emplaced within the basement Pugo metavolcanics rocks and conglomerates of the Zigzag Formation. The occurrences of porphyry‐type veinlets and potassic alteration hosted in the complex are thought to be indications of the presence of blind porphyry deposits within the Sto. Tomas II vicinity. The complex is composed of at least four broadly mineralogically similar dioritic intrusive rocks that vary in texture and alteration type and intensity. These intrusions were accompanied with at least five breccia facies that were formed by the explosive brecciation, induced by the magmatic–hydrothermal processes and phreatomagmatic activities during the emplacement of the various intrusions. Hydrothermal alteration assemblages consisting of potassic, chlorite–magnetite, propylitic and sericite–chlorite alteration, and contemporaneous veinlet types were developed on the host rocks. Elevated copper and gold grades correspond to (a) chalcopyrite–bornite assemblage in the potassic alteration in the syn‐mineralization early‐mineralization diorite (EMD) and contemporaneous veinlets and (b) chalcopyrite‐rich mineralization associated with the chalcopyrite–magnetite–chlorite–actinolite±sericite veinlets contemporaneous with the chlorite–magnetite alteration. Erratic remarkable concentrations of gold were also present in the late‐mineralization Late Diorite (LD). High X_Mg of calcic amphiboles (>0.60) in the intrusive rocks indicate that the magmas have been oxidizing since the early stages of crystallization, while a gap in the composition of Al between the rim and the cores of the calcic amphiboles in the EMD and LD indicate decompression at some point during the crystallization of these intrusive rocks. Fluid inclusion microthermometry suggests the trapping of immiscible fluids that formed the potassic alteration, associated ore mineralization, and sheeted quartz veinlets. The corresponding formation conditions of the shallower and deeper quartz veinlets were estimated at pressures of 50 and 30 MPa and temperatures of 554 and 436°C at depths of 1.9 and 1.1 km. Temperature data from the chlorite indicate that the chalcopyrite‐rich mineralization associated with the chlorite–magnetite alteration was formed at a much lower temperature (ca. 290°C) than the potassic alteration. Evidence from the vein offsetting matrix suggests multiple intrusions within the EMD, despite the K‐Ar ages of the potassic alteration in EMD and hornblende in the LD of about the same age at 3.5 ± 0.3 Ma. The K‐Ar age of the potassic alteration was likely to be thermally reset as a result of the overprinting hydrothermal alteration. The constrained K‐Ar ages also indicate earlier formed intrusive rocks in the Southwest prospect, possibly coeval to the earliest “dark diorite” intrusion in the Sto. Tomas II deposit. In addition, the range of δ³⁴S of sulfide minerals from +1.8‰ to +5.1‰ in the Southwest prospect closely overlaps with the rest of the porphyry copper and epithermal deposits in the Sto. Tomas II deposit and its vicinity. This indicates that the sulfides may have formed from a homogeneous source of the porphyry copper deposits and epithermal deposits in the Sto. Tomas II orebody and its vicinity. The evidence presented in this work proves that the porphyry copper‐type veinlets and the adjacent potassic alteration in the Southwest prospect are formed earlier and at a shallower level in contrast with the other porphyry deposits in the Baguio District.  相似文献   

Efficient approach in modeling the shear strength of unsaturated soil using soil water retention curve     

Cavalcante  André Luís Brasil  Mascarenhas  Pedro Victor Serra 《Acta Geotechnica》2021,16(10):3177-3186

Acta Geotechnica - Currently, there are debates on the relationship between the effective stress and shear strength of unsaturated soils. Thus, it is imperative to present an efficient method that...  相似文献   

Frontiers in geoscience: A tribute to Prof. Xuanxue Mo-Preface     

Zengqian Hou  M.Santosh  Wenjiao Xiao  Yaoling Niu  Victor Mocanu 《地学前缘(英文版)》2018,9(5):1261-1264

正1.Introduction In response to the proposal by the Earth Science community of China,we are delighted to organize this special issue of Geoscience Frontiers(GSF)in honor of the work by Xuanxue Mo,Professor of Petrology and Geochemistry of China University of Geosciences(Beijing)and Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,as a tribute to him on his 80th birthday.In his over 50 years of profes-  相似文献   

Paleo-stratigraphic permeability anisotropy controls supergene mimetic martite goethite deposits     

Thomas Poulet  Juan Felipe Giraldo  Erick Ramanaidou  Agnieszka Piechocka  Victor M. Calo 《Basin Research》2023,35(2):572-591

The Hamersley Basin in Western Australia is one of the world's largest iron ore-producing regions, hosting two types of ore in banded iron formations: the high-grade martite-microplaty haematite and the supergene martite-goethite ores. With the high-grade ores almost entirely mined in the last decade, the supergene ores have more recently become the dominant resource of interest. Consequently, understanding the genesis of these martite-goethite deposits is a critical step for exploration. Yet, although various models exist, there is still no consensus on how these mineral resources formed, complicating the prediction of resource volume and location. Here, we show that the paleo-stratigraphic permeability anisotropy (with higher permeability along strata than across) controls the supergene mimetic enrichment transport process and, subsequently, the mineralisation distribution. We introduce a flow model that implicitly represents strata with a potential function that orients the permeability tensor accurately. The numerical solver uses automatic mesh adaptivity to deliver robust solutions. By accurately reproducing the mineralisation patterns in specific deposits, we identify and quantify the paleo-water table level and permeability anisotropy ratio as the two main controlling parameters for the mineralisation distribution. These insights provide new timing constraints for the mineralisation and the physical process of iron enrichment, suggesting much more potential mineralisation volume in the paleo-reconstructed zones than previously anticipated. These flow models allow us to draw geological conclusions with few a priori assumptions required for the genetic model in which the transport component is dominant. The predictive power of this methodology will allow targeted drilling to narrow down the prospective areas and lower exploration costs. Furthermore, the methodology's generality applies to other commodities in sedimentary basins involving supergene processes and will improve our understanding of various genetic models.  相似文献   

Temporal changes in the contribution of methane-oxidizing bacteria to the biomass of chironomid larvae determined using stable carbon isotopes and ancient DNA     

Simon Belle  Claire Parent  Victor Frossard  Valérie Verneaux  Laurent Millet  Panagiota-Myrsini Chronopoulou  Pierre Sabatier  Michel Magny 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2014,52(3):215-228

Freshwater lakes are important sources of methane (CH₄) emissions, by organic matter degradation under anaerobic conditions (methanogenesis). Previous studies suggest that lakes contribute up to 16 % of natural emissions. About 60 % of the CH₄ produced is used as an energy source by methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB—methanotrophs), which could support higher trophic levels, especially Chironomidae (Diptera). Because biogenic methane has a very low stable carbon isotope value, evidence of methane-derived organic-matter assimilation can be tracked by stable carbon isotope analysis in consumers such as chironomids. In some cases, however, chironomid δ¹³C values are not low enough to unambiguously demonstrate methanotroph assimilation and an alternative line of evidence is required. Analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) from the methanotroph community preserved in lake sediment provides reliable information about past methane oxidation in freshwater lakes. A combination of these two approaches was used to study a sediment core from the deepest zone of Lake Narlay (Jura, France), which covers the last 1,500 years of sediment accumulation. Results show a significant change ca. AD 1600, with an increase in the proportion of MOB in the total bacteria community, and a decrease in chironomid head-capsule δ¹³C. These trends suggest assimilation of MOB by chironomid larvae, and account for up to 36 % of the chironomid biomass. The data also provide information about the feeding behavior of chironomids, with evidence for preferential assimilation of methanotroph type I and the NC10 phylum. The combination of aDNA analysis and carbon stable isotopes strengthens the reliability of inferences about carbon sources incorporated into chironomid biomass.  相似文献   

UVB solar radiation climatology for Mexico     

Mauro Valdés-Barrón  Roberto Bonifaz-Alfonzo  David Riveros-Rosas  Victor Velasco-Herre^ora  Hector Estévez-Pérez  Juan Carlos Peláez-Chávez 《Geofísica Internacional》2013,52(1):31-42

The measurement of solar B band Ultraviolet radiation (UVB) should be considered a priority in Mexico due to implications on public health throughout the country (total population, 108 million), but this is not carried out at present. Installed sensors cover only 0.12% of the country. However, there are alternative methods for estimating UVB radiation to overcome the lack of surface data. The most successful of these are based on the use of satellites for environmental monitoring. In the present work, UVB maps are constructed for the entire country using a single, daily satellite measurement of UVB at solar noon from 1978-2003. Satellite-derived values are compared with the ground measurements by a surface station located in Mexico City in order to validate the former. Wavelet spectrum analysis is employed to this end. A close correlation is observed between the two sets of data. Moreover, there is qualitative correspondence between the spatial distribution of the satellite-derived data and the surface topography. The difference resulting throughout the period mentioned is <2% of the average annual cumulative energy.  相似文献   

Palaeogeographic Changes at Lake Chokrak on the Kerch Peninsula,Ukraine, during the Mid‐ and Late‐Holocene     

Daniel Kelterbaum  Helmut Brückner  Vasiliy Dikarev  Stefanie Gerhard  Anna Pint  Alexey Porotov  Victor Zin'ko 《Geoarchaeology》2012,27(3):206-219

This project has reconstructed the palaeogeographic and environmental evolution of Lake Chokrak on the Kerch Peninsula, Ukraine, during the mid‐ and late‐Holocene. This record has been evaluated in association with a regional archaeological data set to explore human–environment interactions over this period. The results show major changes in the palaeogeographic setting of Lake Chokrak since the 3rd millennium B.C., when the postglacial marine transgression had started to fill the study area. Microfaunal analyses reveal the long persistence of an open marine embayment that only became separated from the Sea of Azov when a sand barrier developed during the late 2nd millennium B.C. When colonizing the Black Sea region after the 8th century B.C., the Greek settlers erected a fortification with a small settlement on a promontory that was by then a peninsula‐like headland extending into the lake. The colonists abandoned their settlement at the end of the 1st millennium B.C. when the depth of the surrounding lake decreased from 1.5 m to less than 1 m. Today, Lake Chokrak dries up completely during summer. A detailed relative sea level (RSL) curve for the northern coast of Kerch has been established. Sea level reached its highest position at the present day. Since the 3rd millennium B.C., sea level continuously rose, without any of the previously postulated regression/transgression cycles. The RSL curve indicates differential subsidence rates within short distances in relatively stable areas, exceeding 40 cm per 1000 years. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

Ground Investigations for Changi East Reclamation Projects     

Myint Win Bo  Ming-Fang Chang  A. Arulrajah  Victor Choa 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2012,30(1):45-62

Geotechnical ground investigation is important in all construction works particularly, land reclamation projects. The Changi East reclamation project is a mega project that involves creation of land space as large as 3,000 hectares in multiple phases between 1991 and 2005. Ground investigation plays a critical role in the Changi project which involved substantial amount of ground improvement works after reclamation by sand filling. One important aspect of the investigation was to evaluate the geotechnical characteristics of the underlying compressible soils beneath the original seabed for the selection of suitable methods of ground improvement. The other important aspect of the investigation was to characterize and verify the compactness of the reclaimed sand fill. Many types of in situ tests were extensively used in the project. The field vane shear test provides correlations between the undrained shear strength and depth for the upper and the lower marine clay strata in the Northern part and the Southern Part of the reclaimed site. Combined with laboratory undrained shear strength tests, the field vane strength profiles allow the derivation of the undrained shear strength over effective stress ratios for the upper and the lower marine clays. In addition, results from three other in situ tests, the piezocone cone penetration test, the flat dilatometer test, and the self boring pressuremeter test provided useful verification of these correlations. A field-performance based method of assessing degree of consolidation in the underlying clay was developed by combining field monitoring, laboratory testing and conventional as well as specialized in situ testing. An effective use of in situ testing methods for assessment, the outcome of ground improvement and for fill quality control in the densification of granular soils is illustrated with field observation data collected at the project site.  相似文献   

A Hydrological Budget (2002–2008) for a Large Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Indicates Marine Groundwater Discharge Accompanies Diminished Freshwater Flow     

Amartya K. Saha  Christopher S. Moses  René M. Price  Victor Engel  Thomas J. SmithIII  Gordon Anderson 《Estuaries and Coasts》2012,35(2):459-474

Water budget parameters are estimated for Shark River Slough (SRS), the main drainage within Everglades National Park (ENP) from 2002 to 2008. Inputs to the water budget include surface water inflows and precipitation while outputs consist of evapotranspiration, discharge to the Gulf of Mexico and seepage losses due to municipal wellfield extraction. The daily change in volume of SRS is equated to the difference between input and outputs yielding a residual term consisting of component errors and net groundwater exchange. Results predict significant net groundwater discharge to the SRS peaking in June and positively correlated with surface water salinity at the mangrove ecotone, lagging by 1 month. Precipitation, the largest input to the SRS, is offset by ET (the largest output); thereby highlighting the importance of increasing fresh water inflows into ENP for maintaining conditions in terrestrial, estuarine, and marine ecosystems of South Florida.  相似文献