Evaluation of landfill disposal boundary by means of electrical resistivity imaging     

Vladimir Frid  Gady Liskevich  Dmitriy Doudkinski  Nikolay Korostishevsky 《Environmental Geology》2008,53(7):1503-1508

This paper deals with an employment of electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) for survey of leachate content on the waste disposal site in Northern Israel. The research consisted of conducting ten ERI lines and drilling investigation wells. Data simulation used a 2D EarthImager inversion program. Analysis of 2D ERI interpretation results shows that determination of the boundary between the landfill body bottom intensively saturated with leachates and underlying layers of highly water saturated fat nonconsolidated clays presents a challenge. However, statistical analysis of ERI data indicates that standard deviation and confidence interval of a set of resistivity data measured in the landfill body are significantly larger than those in underlying clays. Moreover, maximum changes of these parameters are found on the boundary between landfill body and underlying soil, thus reflecting natural differences in scattering of resistivity data measured in these two objects.  相似文献   

Early diagenetic vivianite [Fe₃(PO₄)₂ · 8H₂O] in a contaminated freshwater sediment and insights into zinc uptake: A μ-EXAFS, μ-XANES and Raman study     

Kevin G. Taylor  Karen A. Hudson-Edwards  Andrew J. Bennett  Vladimir Vishnyakov 《Applied Geochemistry》2008

The sediments in the Salford Quays, a heavily-modified urban water body, contain high levels of organic matter, Fe, Zn and nutrients as a result of past contaminant inputs. Vivianite [Fe₃(PO₄)₂ · 8H₂O] has been observed to have precipitated within these sediments during early diagenesis as a result of the release of Fe and P to porewaters. These mineral grains are small (<100 μm) and micron-scale analysis techniques (SEM, electron microprobe, μ-EXAFS, μ-XANES and Raman) have been applied in this study to obtain information upon the structure of this vivianite and the nature of Zn uptake in the mineral. Petrographic observations, and elemental, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic analysis confirms the presence of vivianite. EXAFS model fitting of the FeK-edge spectra for individual vivianite grains produces Fe–O and Fe–P co-ordination numbers and bond lengths consistent with previous structural studies of vivianite (4O atoms at 1.99–2.05 Å; 2P atoms at 3.17–3.25 Å). One analysed grain displays evidence of a significant Fe³⁺ component, which is interpreted to have resulted from oxidation during sample handling and/or analysis. EXAFS modelling of the Zn K-edge data, together with linear combination XANES fitting of model compounds, indicates that Zn may be incorporated into the crystal structure of vivianite (4O atoms at 1.97 Å; 2P atoms at 3.17 Å). Low levels of Zn sulphate or Zn-sorbed goethite are also indicated from linear combination XANES fitting and to a limited extent, the EXAFS fitting, the origin of which may either be an oxidation artifact or the inclusion of Zn sulphate into the vivianite grains during precipitation. This study confirms that early diagenetic vivianite may act as a sink for Zn, and potentially other contaminants (e.g. As) during its formation and, therefore, forms an important component of metal cycling in contaminated sediments and waters. Furthermore, for the case of Zn, the EXAFS fits for Zn phosphate suggest this uptake is structural and not via surface adsorption.  相似文献   

Sedimentation History of Neogene Lacustrine Sediments of Suseocka Bela Stena Based on Geochemical Parameters （Valjevo-Mionica Basin, Serbia）     

Aleksandra SAJNOVIC Vladimir SIMIC Branimir JOVANCICEVIC Olga CVETKOVIC Radovan DIMITRIJEVIC Nenad GRUBIN 《《地质学报》英文版》2008,82(6)

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Non-linear elastic behaviour of damaged rocks   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Vladimir Lyakhovsky  Ze'ev Reches  Ram Weinberger  Thurman E. Scott 《Geophysical Journal International》1997,130(1):157-166

The pervasive damage of rocks by microcracks and voids strongly affects their macroscopic elastic properties. To evaluate the damage effects, we derive here the macroscopic stress-strain relations for a 3-D elastic solid with non-interacting cracks embedded inside a homogeneous matrix. The cracks considered are oriented either perpendicular to the maximum tension axis, or perpendicular to the maximum compression axis. In the first case they dilate during loading and in the second case they contract during loading. We derive a solution for the elastic energy of this rock following the self-consistent scheme of Budiansky & O'Connell (1976). The solution describes the stress-strain relations in terms of Λ^d and μ^d, which are the modified Lame constants, and an additional parameter Λ. The latter accounts for the non-linear behaviour of the solid and is related to crack density. The solution predicts a non-linear elastic rheology even for an infinitesimal strain of ɛ < 0.001, and abrupt change in the elastic moduli when the loading reverses from uniaxial compression to uniaxial tension.
We use the derived solution to analyse rock-mechanics experiments in which beams of Indiana limestone were deformed under four-point loading. This configuration provides simultaneously the apparent tensile and compressive moduli for small strains. The apparent moduli fit the effective elastic moduli calculated with the present damage model well, including the differences between tensile and compressive moduli.  相似文献   

The Origins of Yakutian Eclogite Xenoliths   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

Snyder  Gregory A.; Taylor  Lawrence A.; Crozaz  Ghislaine; Halliday  Alex N.; Beard  Brian L.; Sobolev  Vladimir N.; Sobolev  Nikolai V. 《Journal of Petrology》1997,38(1):85-113

Owing to the association with diamonds, eclogite xenoliths havereceived disproportionate attention given their low abundancein kimberlites. Several hypotheses have been advanced for theorigin of eclogite xenoliths, from the subduction and high-pressuremelting of oceanic crust, to cumulates and liquids derived fromthe upper mantle. We have amassed a comprehensive data set,including major- and trace-element mineral chemistry, carbonisotopes in diamonds, and Rb–Sr, Sm–Nd, Re–Os,and oxygen isotopes in ultrapure mineral and whole-rock splitsfrom eclogites of the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe, Yakutia, Russia.Furthermore, eclogites from two other Yakutian kimberlite pipes,Mir and Obnazhennaya, have been studied in detail and offercontrasting images of eclogite protoliths. Relative to eclogitesfrom southern Africa and other Yakutian localities, Udachnayaeclogites are notable in the absence of chemical zoning in mineralgrains, as well as the degree of light rare earth element (LREE)depletion and unradiogenic Sr; lack of significant oxygen, sulfur,and carbon isotopic variation relative to the mantle; and intermineralradiogenic isotopic equilibration. Several of these eclogitescould be derived from ancient, recycled, oceanic crust, butmany others exhibit no evidence for an oceanic crustal protolith.The apparent lack of stable-isotope variation in the Udachnayaeclogites could be due to the antiquity of the samples and consequentlack of deep oceanic and biogenically diverse environments atthat time. Those eclogites that are interpreted to be non-recycledhave compositions characteristic of Group A eclogites from otherlocalities that also have been interpreted as being directlyfrom the mantle. At least two separate and diverse isotopicreservoirs are suggested by Nd isotopic whole-rock reconstructions.Most samples were derived from typical depleted mantle. However,two groups of three samples each indicate both enriched mantleand possible ultra-depleted mantle present beneath Yakutia duringthe late Archean and early Proterozoic. The vast majority ofeclogites studied from the Obnazhennaya pipe also exhibit characteristicsof Group A eclogites and are probably derived directly fromthe mantle. However, the eclogites from the Mir kimberlite aremore typical of other eclogites world-wide and show convincingevidence of a recycled, oceanic crustal affinity. We concurwith the late Ted Ringwood that eclogites can be formed in avariety of ways, both within the mantle and from oceanic crustalresidues. KEY WORDS: diamonds; eclogite xenoliths; isotopic composition; REE; Yakutia  相似文献   

中天山平顶冰川物质交换特征：以格里戈里耶夫冰川为例     

Mikh.  VN 《冰川冻土》1991,13(2):107-114

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Masers, Lasers and the Interstellar Medium     

Vladimir Strelnitski 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1997,252(1-2):279-287

This paper discusses recent results obtained by myself and my colleagues in three domains of astrophysics: interstellar supersonic turbulence, circumstellar disks, and natural masers and lasers. S.A. Kaplan, S.B. Pikelner, and I.S. Shklovskii were among those who, 30-40 years ago, laid the foundation of these domains.H2O masers become an effective probe of supersonic turbulence associated with mass outflow from very young stars. They demonstrate a very low (1) fractal dimension of the spatial set on which turbulence dissipates its kinetic energy, and, thereby, a strong intermittency of the turbulence. They also indicate that supersonic turbulence, like incompressible turbulence, has an inner scale, on which the bulk of turbulent energy dissipates in low-Mach, random shocks. H2O masers themselves find thereby a new pumping source in these random shocks.Masers in hydrogen recombination lines, discovered 8 years ago, originate in a circumstellar disk surrounding a massive star MWC 349A. They give a possibility to investigate kinematics and structure of the disk. Far-infrared nydrogen recombination lines, recently detected in MWC349A from the Kuiper Airborn Observatory, proved to be amplified as well. They are the first known natural amplifiers of electromagnetic waves in the laser wavelength domain. Analysis of their radiation, along with the radiation in other recombination lines, gives a possible key to understanding the lack of optical lasers in the Universe.  相似文献   

Variations of dissolved iron in the Amur River during an extreme flood event in 2013     

Baixing Yan  Jiunian Guan  Vladimir Shesterkin  Hui Zhu 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2016,26(5):679-686

As a key factor limiting primary productivity in marine ecosystem, dissolved iron(DFe) export from fluvial systems has increased recently. There is particular concern about discharges of DFe during extreme flooding, when they are thought to increase considerably. An extreme flood event that caused inundation of extensive areas of Far Eastern Russia and Northeastern China occurred in the basin of the Amur River during summer and autumn 2013. During this event, water samples were collected in the middle reaches of the Amur River and the lower reaches at Khabarovsk City and analyzed for DFe concentrations and other aquatic parameters. The results show that the average DFe concentrations in the middle reaches of the Amur River(right bank) and at Khabarovsk were 1.11 mg/L and 0.32 mg/L, respectively, during the extreme flood in 2013. The total discharge of DFe during the flood event was 6.25 × 104 t. The high discharge of DFe during the flood reflects the elevated discharge of the river, hydrologically connected riparian wetlands, vast quantities of terrestrial runoff, and flood discharges from the Zeya and Bureya reservoirs. These results show that long-term monitoring is needed to identify and assess the impacts of DFe transport on the downstream reaches, estuarine area, and coastal ecosystems of the Amur River.  相似文献   

Rank-Size Statistical Assessments of Undiscovered Gold Endowment in the Bendigo and Stawell Zones (Victoria) and the Mossman Orogen (Queensland), Australia: Comparison with Three-Part Assessment Results     

Vladimir A. Lisitsin 《Natural Resources Research》2016,25(3):269-282

The Bendigo and Stawell zones in Victoria and the Mossman Orogen in north Queensland host numerous orogenic gold deposits and are likely to contain significant undiscovered gold resources. This paper discusses applications of Zipf’s law to estimate the scale of residual gold endowment in each of the regions. Testing various plausible scenarios on whether or not the largest deposit in each region has been discovered and its endowment adequately evaluated provided some measure of uncertainty of assessment results. The Bendigo and Stawell zones are estimated to host 12 undiscovered ore fields with >31 t (1 Moz) of contained gold and another 35 undiscovered ore fields with >10 t (0.32 Moz) of gold, containing in total 1600 t (51 Moz) of gold. The total residual orogenic gold endowment of the Mossman Orogen is estimated to be between 3 and 30 t of gold, contained in extensions of known deposits and up to six significant undiscovered gold ore fields each containing >1 t of gold. These estimates are comparable to results of recent three-part quantitative mineral resource assessments for those areas.  相似文献   

Fluid Borders: Rethinking Historical Geography and Fixed Map Boundaries in Contested Regions     

Stuart E. Hamilton  Alexander Angelov  Vladimir Atanasov  Marco Millones 《The Professional geographer》2016,68(1):115-128

This article introduces a quantitative methodology for analyzing contested map borders. The article applies the new analytical technique to a data set of thirty maps showing Bulgaria in ca. 800 CE, a disputed state and period in medieval historiography with relevance to modern national politics and territorial claims. Based on the data set, we generate a series of new maps that make explicit the fluid medieval boundaries and general disagreement among geographers and historiographers. Our analysis begins with a simple point-in-polygon procedure to create a majority map that depicts the points included within the borders of the Bulgarian polity in sixteen or more of the maps (>50 percent). The majority map is then combined with percentage maps, confidence interval map boundaries, and cluster maps. The confidence interval maps are created via a spatial bootstrapping procedure and measure the uncertainty in the majority map. The cluster maps are developed via a radial basis function and provide insight into the potential affectivity based on the cartographers' countries of origin. The final map reflects the general modern consensus of the borders of the Bulgarian polity around 800 CE. Besides its quantitative contribution to medieval and modern cartographic, historiographical, and political debates, this article has developed a widely applicable methodology for synthesizing map borders and territories in cases of cartographic disagreement.  相似文献