Metaphors and models: the ASR bubble in the Floridan aquifer     

Vacher HL  Hutchings WC  Budd DA 《Ground water》2006,44(2):144-154

Studies at the intersection of cognitive science and linguistics have revealed the crucial role that metaphors play in shaping our thoughts about phenomena we cannot see. According to the domains interaction theory of cognition, a metaphoric expression sets up mappings between a target domain that we wish to understand and a familiar source domain. The source domain contains elements ("commonplaces") that we manipulate mentally, like parts of an analogue model, to illuminate the target domain. This paper applies the structure of domains interaction theory to analyze the dynamics of a metaphor in hydrogeology: the so-called bubble formed by water injected into an aquifer during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR). Of the four commonplaces of bubbles--(1) they are discrete; (2) they are geometrically simple; (3) they rise; and (4) they burst--we focus on the first two using both displacement and dispersion (tracer) models for both homogeneous and heterogeneous storage zones patterned from geological studies of the Suwannee Limestone of Sarasota County, Florida. The displacement model easily shows that "bottle brush" better represents the geometric complexity predicted from the known and inferred heterogeneity. There is virtually no difference, however, in the prediction of recovery efficiency using the dispersion model for a bubble (homogeneous flow zone) vs. bottle brush (heterogeneous flow zone). On the other hand, only the bottle brush reveals that unrecovered tracer is located preferentially in the low-permeability layers that lie adjacent to high-permeability channels in the flow zones.  相似文献   

Geomasking sensitive health data and privacy protection: an evaluation using an E911 database   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Allshouse WB  Fitch MK  Hampton KH  Gesink DC  Doherty IA  Leone PA  Serre ML  Miller WC 《国际地球制图》2010,25(6):443-452

Geomasking is used to provide privacy protection for individual address information while maintaining spatial resolution for mapping purposes. Donut geomasking and other random perturbation geomasking algorithms rely on the assumption of a homogeneously distributed population to calculate displacement distances, leading to possible under-protection of individuals when this condition is not met. Using household data from 2007, we evaluated the performance of donut geomasking in Orange County, North Carolina. We calculated the estimated k-anonymity for every household based on the assumption of uniform household distribution. We then determined the actual k-anonymity by revealing household locations contained in the county E911 database. Census block groups in mixed-use areas with high population distribution heterogeneity were the most likely to have privacy protection below selected criteria. For heterogeneous populations, we suggest tripling the minimum displacement area in the donut to protect privacy with a less than 1% error rate.  相似文献   

Aquifer system response time and groundwater supply management   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Walton WC 《Ground water》2011,49(2):126-127

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丽江高美古的气象观测   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

马开全  栾蒂  刘子忠  龙康  张周生  李玉兰  于建明 《天文研究与技术》1996,(Z1)

本文报道了１９９４年７月－１９９５年１２月期间丽江高美古的云量、风向、风速、温度、湿度和温度日较差等气象要素的观测结果。  相似文献   

低级变质作用     

Bevi.  RE 刘子忠 《地质科学译丛》1992,9(4):86-89

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热带天气尺度系统中深厚积云对流和低层耦合之间的相位滞后     

Chao  WC 黄彬 《气象科技》1999,(2):31-36

文章论述了在天气尺度系统中深积云对流和低层辐合之间的相位滞后的起源。众所周知从１９７４年以来已研究过几个可能的原因：１）加热场的传播；２）β效应；３）基本气流的垂直切变；４）热源的垂直倾斜。研究发现最后一个因素是相位滞后的原因。热源垂直倾斜的出现是天气系统内的中尺度对流系统传播和演变的结果。在其演变过程中，垂直加热廓线的变化导致了加热场的倾斜。  相似文献   

陆坡重新调整：海底扇及扇裙发育的一种新模式     

Ross  WC 黄子齐 《海洋地质译丛》1995,(2):53-56

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The influence of acoustic emissions for underwater data transmission on the behaviour of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in a floating pen     

Kastelein RA  Verboom WC  Muijsers M  Jennings NV  van der Heul S 《Marine environmental research》2005,59(4):287-307

To prevent grounding of ships and collisions between ships in shallow coastal waters, an underwater data collection and communication network is currently under development: Acoustic Communication network for Monitoring of underwater Environment in coastal areas (ACME). Marine mammals might be affected by ACME sounds since they use sounds of similar frequencies (around 12 kHz) for communication, orientation, and prey location. If marine mammals tend to avoid the vicinity of the transmitters, they may be kept away from ecologically important areas by ACME sounds. One marine mammal species that may be affected in the North Sea is the harbour porpoise. Therefore, as part of an environmental impact assessment program, two captive harbour porpoises were subjected to four sounds, three of which may be used in the underwater acoustic data communication network. The effect of each sound was judged by comparing the animals' positions and respiration rates during a test period with those during a baseline period. Each of the four sounds could be made a deterrent by increasing the amplitude of the sound. The porpoises reacted by swimming away from the sounds and by slightly, but significantly, increasing their respiration rate. From the sound pressure level distribution in the pen, and the distribution of the animals during test sessions, discomfort sound level thresholds were determined for each sound. In combination with information on sound propagation in the areas where the communication system may be deployed, the extent of the 'discomfort zone' can be estimated for several source levels (SLs). The discomfort zone is defined as the area around a sound source that harbour porpoises are expected to avoid. Based on these results, SLs can be selected that have an acceptable effect on harbour porpoises in particular areas. The discomfort zone of a communication sound depends on the selected sound, the selected SL, and the propagation characteristics of the area in which the sound system is operational. In shallow, winding coastal water courses, with sandbanks, etc., the type of habitat in which the ACME sounds will be produced, propagation loss cannot be accurately estimated by using a simple propagation model, but should be measured on site. The SL of the communication system should be adapted to each area (taking into account bounding conditions created by narrow channels, sound propagation variability due to environmental factors, and the importance of an area to the affected species). The discomfort zone should not prevent harbour porpoises from spending sufficient time in ecologically important areas (for instance feeding areas), or routes towards these areas.  相似文献   

铝合金成份对阳极处理的影响     

Coch.  WC 叶明仁 《海洋科学》1989,(118):85-87

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Bioaccumulation and depuration of Zn and Cd in mangrove oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae, Guilding, 1828) transplanted to and from a contaminated tropical coastal lagoon   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Rebouças do Amaral MC  de Freitas Rebelo M  Torres JP  Pfeiffer WC 《Marine environmental research》2005,59(4):277-285

In order to study Zn and Cd accumulation and depuration, a set of oysters, Crassostrea rhizophorae, were transplanted to a metal contaminated coastal lagoon and another one was harvested there and transplanted to a non-polluted site. C. rhizophorae oysters and Perna perna mussels native from both sites were collected in order to monitor variability of metal concentration in resident populations. After three months exposure, oysters transplanted to the polluted site accumulated fourfold Zn (307-1319 microgg(-1)) without reaching the concentration level of resident oysters (9770 microgg(-1)). Cadmium concentrations had a slight but significant decrease during the same period (1.25-0.54 microgg(-1)). Oysters transplanted to the non-polluted site, showed threefold Zn depuration (6727-2404 microgg(-1)), while Cd had no significant variation (0.90-1.45 microgg(-1)). Results showed that transplanted oysters do not reach heavy metal concentrations in indigenous populations suggesting transplanted organisms would be better used to evaluate bioavailability instead of environmental concentrations.  相似文献