A record of ductile syn-intrusional fabrics to post solidification cataclasis: Magnetic fabric analysis of neoproterozoic Mirpur and Mt. Abu Granitoids,NW India     

Helga de Wall  Stefan Schöbel  Manoj K. Pandit  Kamal K. Sharma  J. Just 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2010,75(1):239-253

The Mirpur granite body represents a relatively small (10 km²) pluton intruded along the northern margin of the adjacent Mt. Abu batholith (∼125 km²) in NW India. It is a visibly undeformed alkali feldspar rich pink granite; in contrast, the Mt. Abu is a composite granitoid body and variably deformed. Both are intruded by rhyolitic dykes and the terminal magmatic events in both the cases are mafic dykes. The AMS (Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility) data identify the Mt. Abu with SE-dipping foliations and subvertical lineations as a single structural domain while the Mirpur granite body shows two domains characterized by predominantly E — W trend of magnetic foliation in the eastern part (domain I) and N — S orientations in the western part (domain II). The domain I shows magmatic fabrics, typical for the peraluminous granites of Malani Igneous Suite (MIS). Change in fabric orientation in the domain II has resulted from cataclasis wherein the samples show destruction of the original E — W fabric and complete transposition by N — S trends. The foliations in the Mt. Abu granites have been related to SE orientation of maximum horizontal stress. The same maximum stress direction can be inferred from dyke orientation in the Mirpur granite, which is interpreted as continuation of the tectonic imprint in this region during emplacement of both the granites. Age of the cataclastic overprint with a predominant N — S orientation is not yet constrained but corresponds with the trend of the nearby Sindreth basin within the Malani Igneous Suite. The Neoproterozoic tectonic scenario for the region has been interpreted in terms of an ongoing crustal convergence and granitic magma emplacement against the back stop offered by the rigid Delhi Fold Belt.  相似文献   

Copper isotope fractionation in acid mine drainage   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

B.E. Kimball  R. Mathur  A.J. Wall  S.L. Brantley 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(5):1247-1263

We measured the Cu isotopic composition of primary minerals and stream water affected by acid mine drainage in a mineralized watershed (Colorado, USA). The δ⁶⁵Cu values (based on ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu) of enargite (δ⁶⁵Cu = −0.01 ± 0.10‰; 2σ) and chalcopyrite (δ⁶⁵Cu = 0.16 ± 0.10‰) are within the range of reported values for terrestrial primary Cu sulfides (−1‰ < δ⁶⁵Cu < 1‰). These mineral samples show lower δ⁶⁵Cu values than stream waters (1.38‰ ? δ⁶⁵Cu ? 1.69‰). The average isotopic fractionation (Δ_aq-min = δ⁶⁵Cu_aq − δ⁶⁵Cu_min, where the latter is measured on mineral samples from the field system), equals 1.43 ± 0.14‰ and 1.60 ± 0.14‰ for chalcopyrite and enargite, respectively. To interpret this field survey, we leached chalcopyrite and enargite in batch experiments and found that, as in the field, the leachate is enriched in ⁶⁵Cu relative to chalcopyrite (1.37 ± 0.14‰) and enargite (0.98 ± 0.14‰) when microorganisms are absent. Leaching of minerals in the presence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans results in smaller average fractionation in the opposite direction for chalcopyrite (Δ_aq-min^o=-0.57±0.14‰, where min^o refers to the starting mineral) and no apparent fractionation for enargite (Δ_aq-min^o=0.14±0.14‰). Abiotic fractionation is attributed to preferential oxidation of ⁶⁵Cu⁺ at the interface of the isotopically homogeneous mineral and the surface oxidized layer, followed by solubilization. When microorganisms are present, the abiotic fractionation is most likely not seen due to preferential association of ⁶⁵Cu_aq with A. ferrooxidans cells and related precipitates. In the biotic experiments, Cu was observed under TEM to occur in precipitates around bacteria and in intracellular polyphosphate granules. Thus, the values of δ⁶⁵Cu in the field and laboratory systems are presumably determined by the balance of Cu released abiotically and Cu that interacts with cells and related precipitates. Such isotopic signatures resulting from Cu sulfide dissolution should be useful for acid mine drainage remediation and ore prospecting purposes.  相似文献   

Some recent studies in Sweden on the present climatic fluctuation     

C. C. Wallén  H. W. son Ahlmann 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1954,6(1-2):7-21

Summary This report deals with two different investigations on the present development of climate in Sweden. The first one gives a presentation of the fluctuations of temperature in various parts of Sweden since the beginning of records and including data from the last years. Special emphasize is placed on the discussion of what has happened to the winter and summer temperature since 1940, the year when many earlier studies of the climatic fluctuation end up. It is found that the winter temperature has dropped considerably since the 30-ies, as a matter of fact the 10-year overlapping means of mid-winter temperature in all Sweden shows lower values after 1940 than it has ever done since the beginning of the 19th century. This fact may suggest that the recent drop indicates an end of the warming up period in northern latitudes. It is strongly emphasized, however, that no definite conclusions should be drawn until longer records are available and comparisons are made between the 10-years overlapping mean curves and 30-years curves which show so far very little change in the last years. As regards the summer temperature there is a definite drop also as regards the northern parts of the country, but for the southern parts no definite change is found so far. Spring shows small fluctuations in recent years and autumn still is definitely warming up.The second part of the report deals with changes in the ice conditions along the Swedish coasts since the turn of the century or as long as reliable records are available. The considerable warming up is indicated very clearly by a shortening of the ice season up to around 1940. Later the development is more undefinite as in the case of temperature and even here are indications of a lengthening again of the season. There is a close relation between the time of ice break and the thickness of ice being indicated by highly significant correlation coefficients. The correlation between air temperature and time of ice formation is also shown to be significant.

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Zusammenfassung Zum Zwecke der Untersuchung der gegenwärtigen Klimaschwankung in Schweden werden zunächst die Temperaturschwankungen in verschiedenen Teilen Schwedens vom Beginn der Beobachtungsperiode bis in die neueste Zeit diskutiert. Dabei werden die Winter- und die Sommertemperaturen seit 1940 erörtert, also seit der Zeit, wo die meisten früheren Untersuchungen über die Klimaschwankungen aufhören. Es ergibt sich dabei, daß die Wintertemperaturen sei den dreißiger Jahren beträchtlich gefallen sind, indem die zehnjährigen übergreifenden Mittel der Hochwintertemperaturen in ganz Schweden seit 1940 tiefere Werte zeigen als jemals seit Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts. Man könnte daraus schließen, daß die Erwärmungsperiode in den nördlichen Breiten abgeschlossen ist; doch lassen sich endgültige Schlüsse darüber erst ziehen, wenn längere Reihen vorliegen und Vergleiche zwischen den zehnjährigen übergreifenden Mitteln und den 30jährigen Mitteln möglich sind, an denen sich einstweilen nur ganz geringe Änderungen erkennen lassen. Die Sommertemperaturen zeigen ein deutliches Fallen in den nördlichen Teilen Schwedens, während in Südschweden einstweilen keine eindeutigen Schwankungen sich finden lassen. Der Frühling zeigt in den letzten Jahren nur geringe Variationen, während der Herbst eindeutig wärmer wird.Im zweiten Teil werden die Schwankungen der Eisverhältnisse längs der schwedischen Küsten seit Anfang des Jahrhunderts oder seit Beginn der Beobachtungen untersucht. Die beträchtliche Erwärmung läßt sich deutlich an einer Verkürzung der Periode der Eisbedeckung bis gegen 1940 erkennen. Seither wird die Entwicklung weniger eindeutig als bei den Temperaturen, doch treten auch hier Anzeichen für eine Verlängerung der Eisperiode auf. Es besteht eine enge und durch stark signifikante Korrelationskoeffizienten gesicherte Beziehung zwischen dem Zeitpunkt des Eisbruches und der Eisdicke; auch die Korrelation zwischen der Lufttemperature und dem Zeitpunkt der Vereisung ist signifikant.

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Résumé Ce travail se rapporte à deux différentes recherches sur les présentes fluctuations du climat en Suède. La première expose les variations de la température dans différentes régions de la Suède, depuis le début des mesures jusqu'aux données de ces dernières années. On discute spécialement les particularités des températures de l'hiver et de l'été depuis 1940, année à laquelle prennent fin plusieurs études antérieures, relatives aux fluctuations du climat. Ainsi on a constaté une baisse considérable des températures hivernales depuis les années 1930 à 1940, et il est certain que les moyennes de recouvrement de 10 ans de la température hivernale sont après 1940 les plus basses qui aient été observées dans toute la Suède depuis le début du 19ème siècle. Cette récente baisse peut laisser supposer que la période de réchauffement est terminée dans les latitudes septentrionales. Cependant il est impossible d'arriver à une conclusion définitive avant d'être en possession de plus longues séries de mesures et avant que l'on puisse comparer les moyennes de recouvrement de 10 ans aux moyennes de 30 ans, lesquelles ne montrent jusqu'à présent que de très petits changements. Les températures estivales montrent également une nette baisse dans les régions nord du pays. Dans le sud en revanche on n'a pas encore remarqué de changement jusqu'ici. Au printemps seules de modestes variations ont eu lieu, tandis que l'automne devient toujours encore plus chaud.La seconde partie du travail étudie les changements dans la formation de la glace sur les côtes suédoises depuis le début du siècle ou depuis les premières observations utilisables. Le réchauffement considérable est clairement documenté par un raccourcissement de la saison des glaces jusqu'autour de 1940. Pendant les années suivantes le développement est moins défini que dans le cas de la température et pourtant ici aussi on constate que la saison des glaces s'allonge de nouveau. Entre la période de la débâcle de la glace et l'épaisseur de cette dernière il y a une relation très nette ainsi que le prouvent des coefficients de corrélation très significatifs. Il y a également une corrélation significative entre la température de l'air et la période de formation de la glace.

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With 8 figures.  相似文献   

Rare-earth element systematics of carbonatitic fluorapatites, and their significance for carbonatite magma evolution   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B. Bühn  F. Wall  M.J. Le Bas 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2001,141(5):572-591

  相似文献   

Internal control of fluid compositions in amphibolite-facies scapolitic calc-silicates,Mary Kathleen,Australia     

Nicholas H. S. Oliver  Victor J. Wall  Ian Cartwright 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1992,111(1):94-112

Unaltered metasediments of the Mary Kathleen Fold Belt are composed predominantly of layered amphibolite-facies scapolitic calc-silicate rocks in which minimal infiltration of externally derived fluids occurred during regional metamorphism. There were substantial differences in volatile activities between different layers in the layered sequences, in particular: a _CO2/a _{H 2 O} inferred from reaction progress estimates and analysis of biotite-clinopyroxene-fluid phase relations; a _NaCl/a _{H 2 O} inferred from scapolite compositions; and a _HCl/a _{H 2 O} inferred from biotite compositions. In one outcrop in which a clinopyroxene-producing reaction dominated, differences in approximate X _{CO 2}of up to 0.25 occurred between several samples collected over 50 metres. Variations in a _{H 2 O}/a _HCl of up to one order of magnitude are inferred at 1 to 50 m scales from biotite-Cl contents, and variations in NaCl contents of scapolite from 0.0 to up to 0.6 Cl atoms in the Cl–CO₃–SO₄ site reflect a large variation of a _NaCl in the coexisting fluid at similar scales. Most calcsilicate layers internally buffered fluid compositions in the H₂O–CO₂–NaCl–HCl system. Local occurrences of NaCl-rich scapolite suggest that some layers may have been in equilibrium with halite during early prograde metamorphism. At peak metamorphic temperatures, disolution of halite was complete but layers containing high-NaCl scapolite continued to buffer fluid at high values of a _NaCl. Fluid immiscibility does not appear to have affected the progress of the devolatilization reactions. Although fluid was predominantly internally buffered, moderate quantities of fluid were released by prograde mineral reactions in many layers, up to 30 cm³ fluid per 100 cm³ rock. Numerous episodes of fluid escape were required, probably via microfractures, such that the released fluid did not obviously influence reaction progress in the layers through which it passed. The anomaly of beautifully preserved internal buffering signatures and the requirement for produced fluid locally to pass across layers in a deforming rock sequence suggest that the escaping fluid did not leave any readily observable tracks. This is explained by rapid rates of fracture propogation and fluid migration therein. This internally buffered system contrasts strongly with adjacent calc-silicate rocks that show evidence for infiltration of externally derived fluids at high fluid/rock ratios, and highlights the broad range of fluid behaviour that can be expected in deforming, heterogeneous rock sequences.  相似文献   

基于WebGIS的旅游景区空间智能评价系统研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

黄泰  保继刚  周晓芳  Geoffrey Wall 《地理与地理信息科学》2008,24(5)

针对现有信息系统在空间智能评价方面的薄弱之处,运用WebGIS空间智能集成方法探讨旅游景区空间智能评价系统的设计和实现,从三方面提高了旅游景区评价系统的智能化层次:通过集成旅游景区网上调查问卷系统,提高了数据收集提取的智能化层次;通过集成旅游景区模糊综合评价模型、客流结构评价模型及旅游专家知识系统,增强了评价系统的半结构化智能推理功能;采用B/S C/S系统构架,并利用Web技术提高了人机交互界面的智能化。周庄景区案例评价结果显示,该系统原型的运行效果良好且智能化层次较高。  相似文献   

Response of estuarine meio- and macrofauna to in situ bioremediation of oil-contaminated sediment     

Schratzberger M  Daniel F  Wall CM  Kilbride R  Macnaughton SJ  Boyd SE  Rees HL  Lee K  Swannell RP 《Marine pollution bulletin》2003,46(4):430-443

Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of bioremediation for enhancing oil removal but the ecological effect on shoreline biota is unclear. Therefore, a field experiment was designed at an intertidal sandflat in SW England to assess the effects of nutrient addition to oiled sediments on meio- and macrofauna for a period of up to 45 weeks. Natural assemblages were exposed to different types of experimental treatments (no oil, oil alone, oil treated with slow-release fertiliser or liquid fertiliser). Bioremediation stimulated the microbial population and increased oil biodegradation. This, however, did not result in faster recolonisation rates of fertilised versus non-fertilised oiled sediments. Mild effects of oil and bioremediation treatments on benthic fauna were observed, including short-term shifts in dominance patterns. Decreased abundance of dominant species in the oiled compared to unoiled sediments resulted in significantly higher evenness of benthic assemblages within the first 11 weeks of the experiment.  相似文献   

Identification of soil erosion and fluvial sediment problems     

W. T. Dickinson  R. P. Rudra  G. J. Wall 《水文研究》1986,1(1):111-124

A computer model has been used to estimate soil loss and sediment yield from irregular field-size units of small watersheds. Input to the model includes spring data (i.e. relating to February through May) for the independent variables of the Universal Soil Loss Equation, and for factors such as surface roughness, an index of overland runoff, and proximity to the stream. Output from the model includes maps of seasonal estimates of potential soil losses, field sediment delivery ratios, and expected sediment yields. On the basis of selected erosion and sediment yield tolerances, the output information has been analysed to identify watershed areas which (1) exhibit both erosion and sediment yield problems; (2) exhibit only erosion problems; (3) exhibit only sediment yield problems; and (4) exhibit neither erosion nor sediment yield problems. The percentage of the watershed area in each category and the percentage of the watershed soil loss and sediment loads contributed by each category are also identified. Application of the procedure for planning remedial control programs for five watersheds is discussed.  相似文献   

Fluid inclusions in apatite from Jacupiranga calcite carbonatites: Evidence for a fluid-stratified carbonatite magma chamber     

Alessandra Costanzo  Kathryn Ruth Moore  Frances Wall  Martin Feely 《Lithos》2006,91(1-4):208-228

Carbonatites of the Jacupiranga alkaline–carbonatite complex in São Paulo State, Brazil, were used to investigate mineral–fluid interaction in a carbonatite magma chamber because apatite showed a marked discontinuity between primary fluid inclusion-rich cores and fluid inclusion-poor rims. Sylvite and burbankite, apatite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and ilmenite are the common phases occurring as trapped solids within primary fluid inclusions and reflect the general assemblage of the carbonatite. The apatite cores had higher Sr and REE concentrations than apatite rims, due to the presence of fluid inclusions into which these elements partitioned. A positive cerium anomaly was observed in both the core and rim of apatite crystals because oxidised Ce⁴⁺ partitioned into the magma. The combined evidence from apatite chemistry, fluid inclusion distribution and fluid composition was used to test the hypotheses that the limit of fluid inclusion occurrence within apatite crystals arises from: (1) generation of a separate fluid phase; (2) utilization of all available fluid during the first stage of crystallization; (3) removal of crystals from fluid-rich magma to fluid-poor magma; (4) an increase in the growth rate of apatite; or (5) escape of the fluids from the rim of the apatite after crystallization. The findings are consistent with fractionation and crystal settling of a carbonatite assemblage in a fluid-stratified magma chamber. Secondary fluid inclusions were trapped during a hydrothermal event that precipitated an assemblage of anhedral crystals: strontianite, carbocernaite, barytocalcite, barite and norsethite, pyrophanite, magnesian siderite and baddeleyite, ancylite-(Ce), monazite-(Ce) and allanite. The Sr- and REE-rich nature of the secondary assemblage, and lack of a positive cerium anomaly indicate that hydrothermal fluids have a similar source to the primary magma and are related to a later carbonatite intrusion.  相似文献   

The Rare Earth Elements: Demand,Global Resources,and Challenges for Resourcing Future Generations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kathryn M. Goodenough  Frances Wall  David Merriman 《Natural Resources Research》2018,27(2):201-216

The rare earth elements (REE) have attracted much attention in recent years, being viewed as critical metals because of China’s domination of their supply chain. This is despite the fact that REE enrichments are known to exist in a wide range of settings, and have been the subject of much recent exploration. Although the REE are often referred to as a single group, in practice each individual element has a specific set of end-uses, and so demand varies between them. Future demand growth to 2026 is likely to be mainly linked to the use of NdFeB magnets, particularly in hybrid and electric vehicles and wind turbines, and in erbium-doped glass fiber for communications. Supply of lanthanum and cerium is forecast to exceed demand. There are several different types of natural (primary) REE resources, including those formed by high-temperature geological processes (carbonatites, alkaline rocks, vein and skarn deposits) and those formed by low-temperature processes (placers, laterites, bauxites and ion-adsorption clays). In this paper, we consider the balance of the individual REE in each deposit type and how that matches demand, and look at some of the issues associated with developing these deposits. This assessment and overview indicate that while each type of REE deposit has different advantages and disadvantages, light rare earth-enriched ion adsorption types appear to have the best match to future REE needs. Production of REE as by-products from, for example, bauxite or phosphate, is potentially the most rapid way to produce additional REE. There are still significant technical and economic challenges to be overcome to create substantial REE supply chains outside China.  相似文献