Size Distributions and Elemental Compositions of Particulate Matter on Clear, Hazy and Foggy days in Beijing, China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

YANG Yongjie  WANG Yuesi  HUANG Weiwei  HU Bo  WEN Tianxue  ZHAO Yanan 《大气科学进展》2010,27(3):663-675

Total suspended particulates(TSP)samples were collected using low pressure impactors(Andersen Series 20-800,USA)on typical clear,hazy and foggy days in Beijing in order to investigate the characteristics of size distributions and elemental compositions of particulate matter(PM)in different weather conditions. The concentrations of sixteen elements,including Na,Mg,Al,K,Ca,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Se,Cd,Ba,Tl and Pb were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The results showed that Ca,Al,Fe,Mg and Ba on foggy days were 2.0-2.6 times higher than on clear days,and 2.3-2.9 times higher than on hazy days.Concentrations of Cu,Zn,As,Se and Pb on foggy days were 163.5,1186.7,65.9,32.0 and 708.2 ng m-3,respectively,in fine particles,and 68.1,289.5,19.8,1.6 and 103.8 ng m-3,respectively,in coarse particles.This was 1.0-8.4 times higher and 1.4-7.4 times higher than on clear and hazy days,respectively.It is then shown that Mg,Al,Fe,Ca and Ba were mainly associated with coarse particles,peaking at 4.7-5.8μm;that Cd,Se,Zn,As,Tl and Pb were most dominant in fine particles,peaking at 0.43-1.1μm;and that Na,K,Ni,Cu and Mn had a multi-mode distribution,with peaks at 0.43-1.1μm and 4.7-5.8μm.The enrichment factors indicated that coal combustion along with vehicle and industry emissions may be the main sources of pollution elements.  相似文献   

百叶箱和通风防辐射罩气温观测系统的数据对比与订正   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

严家德  王成刚  金莲姬  王巍巍 《气候与环境研究》2015,20(5):533-543

气温是常规地面气象观测的基本要素,其观测方法和误差直接关系到对大气过程的理解和预报精度。开展不同气温观测系统间的对比和分析,保证观测数据的准确性和可比较性,对大气科学以及天气气候的预测、预报研究具有重要意义。本文利用2009年9月至2010年8月的对比实验数据,分析了百叶箱气温观测系统和通风防辐射罩气温观测系统的数据差异,讨论了系统误差与环境温度以及辐射误差与太阳辐射和环境风速之间的关系,给出了相应的订正方法,最后对订正效果进行了检验。结果表明:与通风防辐射罩的气温数据相比,百叶箱的气温数据偏高,其中夜间平均偏高0.19°C,白天平均偏高0.29°C;系统误差是环境温度的一元线性函数,气温每升高1°C,系统误差就会增加0.006°C左右;辐射误差是太阳辐射与环境风速互相耦合作用的结果:太阳辐射有较强的增温效应,与辐射误差呈现近似的抛物线函数关系;环境风速有较好的冷却效应,与辐射误差呈现出近似的负指数函数关系;经误差订正后,夜间和白天的数据误差均减小到了0.0°C,-0.2~0.2°C的样本比例分别从订正前的64.5%和45.3%提高到了83.7%和80.6%,一致率提高到了92.3%和96.0%。  相似文献   

使用DOS批处理文件备份自动气象站数据     

孙卫卫  宗晓鸿 《山东气象》2008,28(1):54-55

从备份自动站数据文件的实际需要出发,通过实例由浅及深地介绍了用DOS批处理文件多目的地、多方式备份自动站数据的方法,包括本机备份、备份到局域网、备份到网络服务器以及自动备份等。  相似文献   

The unification of RBLs with XBLs     

Yuying Bao  Luoen Chen  Huaizhen Li  Jiyang Ren  Weiwei Na  Xiong Zhang  Zhaoyang Peng 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2008,318(3-4):169-180

Many astronomers have discussed the property of BL Lacertae objects, including the variation of spectrum, the correlation of multi-wave bands and the property of polarization, which could give good information for studying intrinsic correlation of components and position of BL Lacertae objects. In the paper, we investigated the properties of RBLs and XBLs and RBLs/XBLs (these objects can also be found by radio survey as by X-ray survey). Firstly, we collected the light curve of 28 BL Lacertae objects, and gained their short timescales by Structure Function (SF). Secondly, we analyzed the distribution of the short timescales of some BL Lacertae objects, including 28 objects’ timescales calculated by SF, as well as the distribution of the redshift and the black hole mass and the flux densities of the multi-wavebands (radio, near-infrared, optical and Gamma-ray). Based on statistical analysis, the result of the paper support the unification model of RBLs and XBLs.  相似文献   

四元数的基本概念与向量旋转的欧拉公式     

张捍卫  喻铮铮  雷伟伟 《大地测量与地球动力学》2020,40(5):502-506

为方便理解四元数,首先针对两个相互平行或垂直的向量,定义它们之间的一种不可交换乘积,命名为格拉斯曼乘积,同时约定这一不可交换积满足分配律。由此,进一步给出任意两个向量之间格拉斯曼积的具体表达式,并引出四元数的概念和运算法则。从理论上证明,任意四元数都可表示为两个向量之间的格拉斯曼积,并可以利用单位四元数的正交变换来表示向量旋转的欧拉公式。  相似文献   

引潮位的Doodson规格化展开及其精度评定     

雷伟伟  张捍卫  郝洪涛 《测绘科学技术学报》2017,34(1)

基于引潮位Doodson规格化展开的基本原理以及ELP/MPP02月球历表、Newcomb太阳历表的结构,设计了一个用以代表三角函数的数据结构;并由此自定义了三角函数的乘法与加法算法,将月球、太阳引潮位分别展开至5阶、3阶,振幅绝对值截断阈值为10-7,在展开过程中对"伪波"进行"滤波"处理后,最终得到包含4 686项展开式的引潮位展开表(其中振幅绝对值超过10-6的展开式有2 441项)。以德国BFO(Black Forest Observatory)测站为例,基于DE431历表,通过天球参考系变换计算得到1950—2050年间时间间隔为1 h的法向引潮力基准序列BFDE431;并根据各个引潮位展开表计算得到相应的法向引潮力序列;通过与BFDE431基准序列求差,得到各个差值序列的统计值。计算结果表明,文中给出的展开表对应的差值序列数值在±58×10~(-11)m·s~(-2)(nGal)以内,均方差为12.5×10~(-11)m·s~(-2),与XI89展开表的精度相当。但由于没有考虑行星及地球扁率的影响,仍未达到HW95和RATGP95展开表的精度水平。  相似文献   

安徽冬季地面降水相态的判别研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

余金龙  朱红芳  邱学兴  曹卫卫 《气象》2017,43(9):1052-1063

文章对安徽省2000—2009年11月至次年4月的雨、雨夹雪、雪和冻雨四类降水相态样本的温度、相对湿度和假相当位温分布特征进行了分析。从地面到500 hPa,气温、相对湿度和假相当位温对平原、山区的地面降水相态的区分能力均逐渐减弱,且相对湿度对降水相态的区分能力远弱于气温和假相当位温。在同一气压层上,假相当位温与气温对平原地区地面降水相态的区分能力相当,而假相当位温在某些气压层上对山区降水相态的区分能力略优于气温。在不同气压层上,平原地区各降水相态的气温和假相当位温均接近正态分布,山区假相当位温相对于气温更接近正态分布。因此假相当位温更适合作为地面降水相态的判别因子。选取地面到500 hPa共6个气压层(山区5个)的假相当位温作为地面降水相态的判别因子建立多级判别方程,利用2010年的降水相态样本对所建立的多级判别方程进行独立性检验。结果表明:多级判别方程对雨、雨夹雪或雪、冻雨的区分能力较好,对雨夹雪与雪的区分能力相对较弱。利用T639模式资料对两个降水相态复杂个例进行预报检验,多级判别方程能较好地预报雨雪转换的时间及区域,对降水相态的预报具有较高的参考价值。  相似文献   

Assessment of PPP integer ambiguity resolution using GPS,GLONASS and BeiDou (IGSO,MEO) constellations     

Yanyan Liu  Yidong Lou  Shirong Ye  Rui Zhang  Weiwei Song  Xing Zhang  Qingquan Li 《GPS Solutions》2017,21(4):1647-1659

Although integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) can improve positioning accuracy considerably and shorten the convergence time of precise point positioning (PPP), it requires an initialization time of over 30 min. With the full operation of GLONASS globally and BDS in the Asia–Pacific region, it is necessary to assess the PPP–IAR performance by simultaneous fixing of GPS, GLONASS, and BDS ambiguities. This study proposed a GPS + GLONASS + BDS combined PPP–IAR strategy and processed PPP–IAR kinematically and statically using one week of data collected at 20 static stations. The undifferenced wide- and narrow-lane fractional cycle biases for GPS, GLONASS, and BDS were estimated using a regional network, and undifferenced PPP ambiguity resolution was performed to assess the contribution of multi-GNSSs. Generally, over 99% of a posteriori residuals of wide-lane ambiguities were within ±0.25 cycles for both GPS and BDS, while the value was 91.5% for GLONASS. Over 96% of narrow-lane residuals were within ±0.15 cycles for GPS, GLONASS, and BDS. For kinematic PPP with a 10-min observation time, only 16.2% of all cases could be fixed with GPS alone. However, adding GLONASS improved the percentage considerably to 75.9%, and it reached 90.0% when using GPS + GLONASS + BDS. Not all epochs could be fixed with a correct set of ambiguities; therefore, we defined the ratio of the number of epochs with correctly fixed ambiguities to the number of all fixed epochs as the correct fixing rate (CFR). Because partial ambiguity fixing was used, when more than five ambiguities were fixed correctly, we considered the epoch correctly fixed. For the small ratio criteria of 2.0, the CFR improved considerably from 51.7% for GPS alone, to 98.3% when using GPS + GLONASS + BDS combined solutions.  相似文献   

GLONASS phase bias estimation and its PPP ambiguity resolution using homogeneous receivers   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yanyan Liu  Weiwei Song  Yidong Lou  Shirong Ye  Rui Zhang 《GPS Solutions》2017,21(2):427-437

Integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) appreciably improves the position accuracy and shortens the convergence time of precise point positioning (PPP). However, while many studies are limited to GPS, there is a need to investigate the performance of GLONASS PPP ambiguity resolution. Unfortunately, because of the frequency-division multiple-access strategy of GLONASS, GLONASS PPP IAR faces two obstacles. First, simultaneously observed satellites operate at different wavelengths. Second and most importantly, distinct inter-frequency bias (IFB) exists between different satellites. For the former, we adopt an undifferenced method for uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) estimation and proposed an undifferenced PPP IAR strategy. We select a set of homogeneous receivers with identical receiver IFB to perform UPD estimation and PPP IAR. The code and carrier phase IFBs can be absorbed by satellite wide-lane and narrow-lane UPDs, respectively, which is in turn consistent with PPP IAR using the same type of receivers. In order to verify the method, we used 50 stations to generate satellite UPDs and another 12 stations selected as users to perform PPP IAR. We found that the GLONASS satellite UPDs are stable in time and space and can be estimated with high accuracy and reliability. After applying UPD correction, 91 % of wide-lane ambiguities and 99 % of narrow-lane ambiguities are within (?0.15, +0.15) cycles of the nearest integer. After ambiguity resolution, the 2-hour static PPP accuracy improves from (0.66, 1.42, 1.55) cm to (0.38, 0.39, 1.39) cm for the north, east, and up components, respectively.  相似文献   

衡阳风变化及风能蕴藏量评估          下载免费PDF全文

陈涛  袁智生  李超  何炜炜  罗喜光 《中低纬山地气象》2018,42(5):65-69

利用衡阳9站1970—2016年测风数据,通过气候倾向率分析风速年、年代际变化,M-K检验风速突变年份,运用有效风能密度评估各区域风能蕴藏量,其结论如下:衡阳风速总体呈下降趋势,衡山减少最明显,风速减少极显著区域未出现突变;低海拔区风速集中在0～3. 4 m/s(85. 8%),1991—2016年风频两极分化,低速及高速区增多,中间出现断层。南岳山风速范围广,2005—2016年强风频区有缺失,主风频在3～5区间;2010年全面采用高灵敏度自动测风仪,低海拔区静风迅速减少;按照有效风能密度定义,南岳山风能丰富,低海拔区未达到可利用标准。  相似文献