The Gunn–Peterson effect and the Lyman alpha forest     

Sergei A. Levshakov  & Wilhelm H. Kegel 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,301(2):323-327

We show that spatial correlations in a stochastic large-scale velocity field in an otherwise smooth intergalactic medium (homogeneous comoving density) superposed on the general Hubble flow may cause a 'line-like' structure in QSO spectra similar to the population of unsaturated Lyα forest lines which usually are attributed to individual clouds with 10¹¹ ≲ N _{H i}  5 × 10¹³ cm⁻². Therefore there is no clear observational distinction between a diffuse intergalactic medium and discrete intergalactic clouds. It follows that the H  i density in the diffuse intergalactic medium might be substantially underestimated if it is determined from the observed intensity distribution near the apparent continuum in high-resolution spectra of QSOs. Our tentative estimate implies a diffuse neutral hydrogen opacity τ_GP ∼ 0.3 at z  ∼ 3 and a current baryon density Ω_IGM ≃ 0.08, assuming a Hubble constant H ₀ = 70 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹.  相似文献   

Coronal Holes Versus Normal Quiet Sun Observed with SUMER     

K. Stucki  S.K. Solanki  I. Rüedi  J.O. Stenflo  A. Brković  U. Schühle  K. Wilhelm  M.C.E. Huber 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1998,264(1-4):53-61

We present a preliminary analysis of spectral lines obtained with the SUMER instrument (Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation) onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), as observed during three observing campaigns. From the 70 observed spectral lines, we selected 12, representing 9 ions or atoms, in order to analyse line intensities, shifts and widths in polar coronal holes as well as in the normal quiet Sun. We find that coronal lines show a distinct blueshift in coronal holes relative to the quiet Sun at equal heliospheric angle, while there is no evidence for such a shift for lines formed at temperatures below 10⁵K. The widths of lines formed at temperatures above 3 – 10⁴K are slightly increased inside the coronal hole, but unaffected for lower temperatures. Intensity measurements clearly show the center-to-limb variation, as well as an intensity diminution inside the coronal hole for lines formed above approximately 10⁵K. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Transport of Pb and Sr in leaky aquifers of the Bufa del Diente contact metamorphic aureole, north-east Mexico     

Rolf L. Romer  Wilhelm Heinrich 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,131(2-3):155-170

The Sr and Pb isotopes from the 31.6 ± 0.3 Ma (2σ) old Diente del Bufa alkali syenite, northeastern Mexico, and marbles of its contact aureole were used to trace the sources and the mobility of these metals during hydrothermal activity. Chert layers form aquifers within the marbles. The marbles represent aquitards. During fluid-wallrock reaction, the chert layers developed wollastonite rims. Early wollastonite rims have Sr and Pb isotopic compositions similar to those of their immediate host marbles, which indicates that the isotopic composition of Sr and Pb is initially buffered by the marble. Later wollastonite and other replacement minerals rimming the aquifer have Sr and Pb isotopic compositions that carry with time increasingly larger contributions from the high-salinity magmatic brine. The Sr and Pb contributions from the alkali syenite can be traced isotopically for more than 90 m away from the contact of the intrusion. In contrast, Sr and Pb originating from the alkali syenite are traceable within the marbles only for 3 to 5 cm from the aquifer-marble boundary. This distance is comparable to the spatial distribution of isotopic alterations of C and O implying that Sr and Pb were transported into the marbles through a fluid phase. The isotopic variation of Sr, Pb, C, and O across the aquifer-marble profiles reflects infiltration as a transport mechanism rather than diffusion. Because Sr and Pb are minor components in both the infiltrating fluid and the rock and because their concentrations are strongly affected by the distribution coefficients among the solid phases present, there is little correlation between the isotopic compositions of the trace elements Sr and Pb and those of C and O, which are major components in fluid and rock. Very thin meta-argillite rinds at the outer margin of the aquifer represent residual material after the dissolution of calcite. They are distinctly enriched in Rb, Sr, and U. The Rb and Sr are to some extent residual from the original limestone mineralogy, whereas U is dominantly derived from the magmatic fluid and leaked from the aquifer with the escaping immiscible CO₂-rich H₂O-CO₂ fluid that was produced by decarbonation. The ²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb values ranging from 100 to 250 and distinctly lowered Th/U in the meta-argillite rims (1) demonstrate that U was transported with the magmatic fluid along the aquifer and (2) imply that during unmixing of the highly saline magmatic fluid U fractionated into the CO₂-rich H₂O-CO₂ fluid from which it precipitated selectively in the meta-argillite band across the aquifer. Radioautographs demonstrate that the upper meta-argillite rim has 20 to 40 times more U than the lower rim, which implies that 20 to 40 times more CO₂-rich H₂O-CO₂ fluid has left through the upper aquifer contact. Received: 30 September 1997 / Accepted: 15 December 1997  相似文献   

Comparison of Five Eulerian Air Pollution Forecasting Systems for the Summer of 1999 Using the German Ozone Monitoring Data     

Stefan Tilmes  JØrgen Brandt  Frode FlatØy  Robert Bergström  Johannes Flemming  Joakim Langner  Jesper H. Christensen  Lise M. Frohn  Øystein Hov  Ingo Jacobsen  Eberthard Reimer  Rainer Stern  Jörg Zimmermann 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2002,42(1):91-121

Eulerian state-of-the-art air pollution forecasting systems on the European scale are operated routinely by several countries in Europe. DWD and FUB, both Germany, NERI, Denmark, NILU, Norway, and SMHI, Sweden, operate some of these systems. To apply such modeling systems, e.g. for regulatory purposes according to new EU directives, an evaluation and comparison of the model systems is fundamental in order to assess their reliability. One step in this direction is presented in this study: The model forecasts from all five systems have been compared to measurements of ground level ozone in Germany. The outstanding point in this investigation is the availability of a huge amount of data – from forecasts by the different model systems and from observations. This allows for a thorough interpretation of the findings and assures the significance of the observed features. Data from more than 300 measurement stations for a 5-month period (May–September 1999) of the German monitoring networks have been used in this comparison. Different spatial and temporal statistical parameters were applied in the evaluation. Generally, it was found that the most comprehensive models gave the best results. However, the less comprehensive and computational cheaper models also produced good results. The extensive comparison made it possible to point out weak points in the different models and to describe the individual model behavior for a full summer period in a climatological sense. The comparison also gave valuable information for an assessment of individual measurement stations and complete monitoring networks in terms of the representativeness of the observation data.  相似文献   

Experimental determination of REE fractionation between liquid and vapour in the systems NaCl–H2O and CaCl2–H2O up to 450 °C     

Kirill Shmulovich  Wilhelm Heinrich  Peter Möller  Peter Dulski 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2002,144(3):257-273

Fractionation of selected REE between brine and vapour was experimentally determined using a large-volume rocking Ti-autoclave that allowed quasi-isobaric sampling of liquid-vapour pairs. Samples were extracted along the 350, 400 and 450 °C-isotherms of the H₂O-NaCl system, and along the 400 °C isotherm of the CaCl₂ system. Total salt concentrations were either 6.6 and 10 wt% NaCl or CaCl₂, respectively, and total REE concentrations were about 2 ppm of each REE. Starting pH at room temperature was 1.8, added as HCl. In another series of experiments, REEs were added in amounts of 312 ppm. Here, the starting pH at room temperature was 0.5, added as HNO₃:HCl=1:2. Liquid-vapour pairs (L-V) were analysed for REE by ICP-MS methods. L-V-partitioning of REE along a particular isotherm follows broadly the partitioning of the main salt components, NaCl or CaCl₂. D_REE=REE^V/REE^L decrease rapidly from the critical point with decreasing pressure (equivalent to increasing salinity of the liquid) as the solvus opens. This is independent of the total amount of the added REE. Log D_REE values show approximately linear correlations with decreasing pressure from the critical point to salt-saturated conditions where the L-V curve meets the liquid + vapour + solid boundary. At given P and T, we found a systematic variation of D_REE along the La-Lu suite. HREE are enriched in the vapour phase relative to LREE. Fractionation coefficients K_D=(HREE^V/HREE^L)/(LREE^V/LREE^L) increase linearly with (P=P_crit-P along a particular isotherm. At the 450 °C isotherm, K_D (Lu/La) at the critical point (425 bar and 10 wt% NaCl) is 1; about 2.5 at 350 bar (33 wt% NaCl in the liquid); and about 5 if extrapolated to salt-saturation (250 bar and 52 wt% NaCl in the liquid). The REE fractionation behaviour is similar along the CaCl₂-H₂O solvus boundaries. Existing equations of state and thermodynamic databases of REE species cannot predict this behaviour at L-V-equilibrium conditions. That HREE are preferentially fractionated over LREE into the vapour phase has important petrogenetic consequences. In boiling hydrothermal systems, brines will be depleted in HREE relative to LREE. Isobaric cooling is ineffective for fractionation because the solvus closes and the system eventually shifts into the one-phase field. Fractionation is most effective in systems undergoing isothermal or adiabatic decompression. In an open system, where vapour may escape through cavities, fractionation is probably controlled by a Rayleigh fractionation process, resulting in larger overall fractionation effects. Similar fractionations probably occur during magma degassing at very shallow intrusion levels.  相似文献   

Carbonate diagenesis in Quaternary beachrock of Uyombo,Kenya: Sequences of processes and coexistence of heterogenic products     

Prof. Johannes H. Schroeder 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1979,68(3):894-919

The calcareous quartz sandstone contains a variety of carbonate cements; these and the biogenic carbonate particles have been preserved and altered in various ways.Several inherited submarine intra-particle cements are followed by a submarine high-Mg calcite palisade cement, then by a meteoric low-Mg calcite blocky cement, and finally by a submarine aragonite spherulitic cement. While the sequence of cementation is clearly recognized, the cement assemblage is considerably diversified by various alterations: The palisade cement may be preserved, impoverished in Mg, dissolved, replaced, or neomorphically altered, while the blocky cement may be partially dissolved. As a result of basal dissolution of cement fringes and subsequent cement precipitation in the new pore space the spatial relationship of cements, for example away from a grainsurface, may no more represent the original sequence of cementation, but pretend a more complex diagenetic history.Common carbonate grains are skeletal particles of red and green calcareous algae, molluscs, foraminifers, echinoids, and corals. They are selectively preserved, micritized, dissolved, replaced, or neomorphosed. Preserved and variously altered particles of a given type coexist in outcrop, sample, and thinsection. Even in individual particles original fabric and several alteration products were found. These observations indicate not only gradual or incomplete alteration, but suggest that various alteration processes compete and that micro-environmental parameters play a decisive role in the competition of processes.Using petrographic, chemical, and circumstantial evidence this case history involving sequential, simultaneous, and/or competetive processes is outlined to help interpret other examples of diagenetically complex shallow carbonates.

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Zusammenfassung Der untersuchte kalkige Quarzsandstein, ein quataerer Strandfels, enthält verschiedene Karbonatzemente. Diese wie auch die vorhandenen biogenen Karbonatpartikel sind in verschiedener Weise erhalten oder diagenetisch verändert worden.Vererbten marinen Intrapartikel-Zementen folgt ein mariner Magnesium-Kalzit Palisaden Zement, diesem ein meteorischer magnesiumarmer Kalzit Blockzement und schließlich ein mariner Aragonit Sphaerulit Zement. Diese Zementabfolge ist deutlich zu erkennen, die Zementvergesellschaftung ist jedoch durch die verschiedenen Veränderungen wesentlich vielfältiger geworden. Der Palisaden Zement kann entweder erhalten, Mgverarmt, aufgelöst und danach möglicherweise neomorph oder nach einem Hohlraumstadium ersetzt worden sein; der Blockzement kann teilweise aufgelöst sein. Infolge der partiellen Auflösung von Zementsäumen an der Basis und der nachfolgenden Zementausfällung in dem so entstandenen Hohlraum repräsentiert die räumliche Folge (z. B. von einem Kornrand in die Interpartikelpore hinein) nicht mehr den zeitlichen Ablauf der Zementation, sondern täuscht eine komplexere diagenetische Geschichte vor.Die Karbonatpartikel stammen vorwiegend von kalkigen Rot- und Grünalgen, Mollusken, Foraminiferen, Echinoiden und Korallen. Sie sind selektiv erhalten, mikritisiert, aufgelöst und dann möglicherweise neomorph oder nach Hohlraumstadium ersetzt. Dabei kommen die verschiedenen Erhaltungs- bzw. Veränderungszustände eines bestimmten Partikels nicht nur in einem Aufschluß, sondern auch in einer Probe bzw. einem Dünnschliff nebeneinander vor. Sogar in einem Einzelpartikel werden verschiedene Zustände nebeneinander beobachtet. Diese Beobachtungen zeigen nicht nur, daß die Veränderungen allmählich vor sich gehen, ihr Ablauf also gestört oder unterbrochen werden kann, sondern auch, daß verschiedene Veränderungsprozesse miteinander konkurrieren und daß das Mikromilieu entscheidend beeinflußt, welcher Prozeß wirksam wird.Mit Hilfe petrographischer und chemischer Daten sowie anderer Indizien werden hier in einer Fallstudie eines sehr jungen Gesteins Abfolgen und Konkurrenz diagenetischer Prozesse gezeigt. Dieser Fall soll Verständnis und Interpretation anderer diagenetisch komplexer Flachwasserkarbonate erleichtern.

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Résumé Le grès calcareux étudié contient une variété de ciments carbonatés; ceux-ci et les particules carbonatées d'origine biogénique ont été préservés ou altérés diagéné tiquement de diverses manières.Divers ciments intra-particulaires sous-marines et hérités sont suivis d'abord par un ciment sous-marin palissadique de calcite fortement magnésienne, ensuite par un «blocky cernent» composé de calcite faiblement magnésienne d'origine météorique, et enfin par un ciment sphérulitique aragonitique d'origine sous-marine. Si la succession des phases de sédimentation peut Être clairement connue, l'assemblage des ciments se diversifie considérablement en raison de diverses altérations: le ciment palissadique peut Être préservé bien qu'appauvri en magnésium, remplacé ou altéré par néomorphose tandis que le blocky cement peut Être partiellement dissout. A la suite de dissolution partielle de franges de ciment et de phases de précipitation subséquentes dans les nouvelles porosités ainsi créées, des relations spatiales entre ciments (par exemple en s'éloignant de la surface d'un grain vers l'espace intergranulaire) ne représentent plus les séquences originelles de cimentation mais indiquent une histoire diagénétique plus complexe.Les grains carbonatés plus communs sont des débris bioclastiques d'algues calcaires rouges et vertes, de mollusques, de foraminifères, d'échinoÏdes et de coraux. Ils peuvent Être préservés sélectivement, micritisés, dissous, remplacés ou néomorphosés. Des particules d'un certain type peuvent Être préservées ou au contraire diversement altérées et coexister à l'échelle de l'affleurement, de l'échantillon ou mÊme de la lame mince. MÊme dans les particules individuelles on peut rencontrer cÔte à cÔte les fabrices originelles et divers produits d'altération. Ces observations illustrent non seulement une altération interviennent concurremment et que les paramètres du micro-milieu jouent un rÔle fondamental dans la compétition des processus.

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Impregnation of organic lake sediments for palaeomagnetic measurements     

Reidar Løvlie  Knut Krzywinski  Johannes Kjøde 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1979,20(1):p22-p24

A procedure for impregnating high water-content sediments for palaeomagnetic measurements is described and applied to an organic lake sediment core. Comparison of results obtained by a standard sub-sampling procedure, and by the impregnation method, demonstrates a significant improvement in the scatter of the palaeomagnetic directions using the latter method.  相似文献   

Melting of plagioclase in the system Ab − An − $${\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}$$ and Qz − Ab − An − $${\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}$$ at P H 2 O =5 kbars,an equilibrium problem     

Johannes  Wilhelm 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1978,66(3):295-303

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology - Melting experiments were performed in the systems at P H 2 O =5 kbars. The compositions of the plagioclases coexisting with melt or with melt and quartz...  相似文献   

Seismic crustal study of the Oslo Rift     

Johannes Tryti  Markvard A. Sellevoll 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1977,115(4):1061-1085

A seismic refraction investigation across the southern part of the Oslo Rift has been made, based on quarry blasts at three localities. The study shows a three-layered crust with the followingP-wave velocities: . the upper mantleP-wave celocity, is 8.07 km/s. The velocity-depth relationship for the uppermost crust, obtained by solving the Wiechert-Herglotz integral equation numerically, shows a continuously decreasing velocity gradient in the region of the Oslo Rift which approaches zero at a depth of 9 km, the corresponding increase in theP-wave velocity being from 5.55 km/s to 6.34 km/s. The interface separating the subsurface layer ( =6.60 km/s) from the uppermost layer , interpreted as the Conrad discontinuity, is essentially horizontal in the investigated part of the Oslo Rift at a depth of approximately 15 km. A deep crustal layer with aP-wave velocity of 7.10 km/s appears to be related to the rift, though the top of this layer extends somewhat eastwards beneath the Precambrian rocks from the southern part of the rift at a depth of approximately 20 km. The Moho discontinuity is elevated beneath the Oslo Region compared with the surrounding area. A broad regional gravity high of about 45 mgal is observed along the entire rift zone. It is suggested that this anomaly is caused by the elevation of the sub-Conrad and Moho discontinuities during the rifting processes.  相似文献   

Lineament-Tektonik in Nordost-Brasilien     

Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Kegel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1965,54(2):1240-1260

Zusammenfassung An Hand einer Struktur-Karte von Nordost-Brasilien wird die tektonische Entwicklung des ostbrasilianischen und von Teilen des zentralbrasilianischen Schildes sowie der zwischen beiden gelegenen Sedimentärbecken dargestellt. Es wird die Bedeutung aufgezeigt, die mehrere Lineamente auf die Streichrichtungen des Grundgebirges haben. Im ostbrasilianischen Schild riefen sie Virgationen hervor, die den Raum für die zentralen Sediment-Becken ausweiteten. Andere Lineamente begünstigten die Umbiegung des S-N gerichteten zentralbrasilianischen in das E-W gerichtete Süd-Amazonas-Grundgebirge, und wiederum andere die des ostbrasilianischen in das Nord-Amazonasbzw. Guayana-Grundgebirge. Infolge dieser Umbiegungen ergibt sich ein Parallelismus des zentralen und Orientalen Grundgebirges mit dem Verlauf der Nordost- und Nordküste Brasiliens. An strukturell besonders bedeutsamen Umbiegungen formten sich Blockfalten-Orogene, so in dem Gebiet von Cabrobo am São Francisco und in der Küstenregion von Ceará.

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A structural map of the north-east of Brazil shows the tectonic evolution of the eastern and part of the central Brazilian shield and the sedimentary basins enclosed by them. Some lineaments are a very important factor of the strike of the crystallin basement. On the eastern shield they formed virgations enlarging the sedimentary basin of the center. — Other lineaments promoted the curvations of the precambrian central shield from the direction S-N to the direction E-W, the Amazonian, some other promoted the curvations of the precambrian of the eastern shield into the Guiana direction. In consequence of these curvations results a parallelism of the direction of the central and eastern shield to the N-E and N coast of Brazil. There were formed folded blocks on structural very important points of the curvations, so at Cabrobó, situated at the riverbasin of Rio São Francisco and in the coast region of Ceará.

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Resumo Apresentamos um mapa estrutural do Nordeste brasileiro que mostra a situação tectônica do trecho oriental e de parte do central do escudo brasileiro, e das bacias sedimentárias nêstes intercaladas. Releva-se o efeito importante de alguns lineamentos em relação à direçâo do embasamento cristalino. No escudo oriental criaram virgações, que alargaram as bacias sedimentárias no centro. Outros lineamentos favoreceram a curvatura do pré-cambriano do escudo central da direção S.-N. à direção E.-W., amazônica, e outros a curvatura do précambriano do escudo oriental à direção guianense. Em consequência dêsse movimento resulta certo paralelismo das direções dos escudos central e oriental com a costa nordeste e norte do Brasil. Nas curvaturas mais importantes formaram-se blocos dobrados e falhados, como p.ex. na área de Cabrobó no ponto mais setentrional do rio São Francisco e na região norte do Ceará.

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