Palynological record during the Pleistocene (between 1.05 Ma and 0.36 Ma) from ODP1144, northern South China Sea     

HUANG Fei & SUN XiangjunInstitute of Geology  Paleontology  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Nanjing  China  Institute of Botany  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing  China  Key Laboratory of Marine Geology  Ministry of Education  Tongji University  Shanghai  China Correspondence should be addressed to Huang Fei 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2004,47(1):30-36

This paper presents the pollen record from the lower section of ODP1144 (depth 501.3-225.7 m, ca. 1.05-0.36 Ma). Two pollen zones (PA and PB) and eleven pollen subzones are recognized. Within zone PB, the 11 pollen subzones (PB21-11) are defined according to the pine, fern and herb variations, and are equivalent to the marine isotope stages 21-11 (MISs 21-11). The interglacial periods are typified by an increase in pine pollen and fern spores, and a decrease in herbaceous pollen, while the patterning during the glacial periods is just the opposite. During the interglacial periods, pollen assemblages were dominated by pine similar to those of the present day, suggesting that the paleoenvironment of the interglacial periods was similar to that of the present day, whereas the glacial periods are marked by an increase in herbaceous pollen, mainly Gramineae and Cyperaceae, indicating that grassland covered the exposed continental shelf when sea level declined. Increased Artemisia percentages and the highest  相似文献   

Synthesis of todorokite by refluxing process and its primary characteristics     

FENG Xionghan  LIU Fan  TAN Wenfeng  LIU Xiangwen & HU Hongqing . College of Resources  Environment  Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan  China  . Testing Center  China University of Geosciences  Wuhan  China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2004,47(8):760-768

Todorokite is one of the common manganese ox-ides in manganese ore deposits, weathering product of manganese-bearing rocks, soils and sediments. It is also an important component in the abundant marine manganese nodules. Since todorokite was firstly found in Japanese Todoroki mine in 1934, its properties and origination have appeared to be very interesting to many researchers[1—3]. It has a stable structure similar to porous molecular sieves, constructed of triple MnO6 octahedral chains. Th…  相似文献   

Land cover change over the last three centuries due to human activities: The availability of new global data sets   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

Kees?Klein GoldewijkEmail author  Navin?Ramankutty 《GeoJournal》2004,61(4):335-344

Land use and land cover change is an important driver of global change (Turner et al., 1993). It is recognized that land use change has important consequences for global and regional climates, the global biogeochemical cycles such as carbon, nitrogen, and water, biodiversity, etc. Nevertheless, there have been relatively few comprehensive studies of global, long-term historical changes in land cover due to land use. In this paper, we review the development of global scale data sets of land use and land cover change. Furthermore, we assess the differences between two recently developed global data sets of historical land cover change due to land use. Based on historical statistical inventories (e.g. census data, tax records, land surveys, historical geography estimates, etc) and applying different spatial analysis techniques, changes in agricultural land cover (croplands, pastures) were reconstructed for the last 300 years. The two data sets indicate that cropland areas expanded from 3–4 million km² in 1700 to 15–18 million km² in 1990 (mostly at the expense of forests), while grazing land area expanded from 5 million km² in 1700 to 31 million km² in 1990 (mostly at the expense of natural grasslands). The data sets disagree most over Latin America and Oceania, and agree best over North America. Major differences in the two data sets can be explained by the use of a fractional versus Boolean approach, different modelling assumptions, and inventory data sets.  相似文献   

The land-use projections and resulting emissions in the IPCC SRES scenarios scenarios as simulated by the IMAGE 2.2 model   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bart?StrengersEmail author  Rik?Leemans  Bas?Eickhout  Bert?de?Vries  Lex?Bouwman 《GeoJournal》2004,61(4):381-393

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Understanding land-use change to reconstruct,describe or predict changes in land cover     

Rik?LeemansEmail author  Suzanne?Serneels 《GeoJournal》2004,61(4):305-307

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Release of heavy metals during weathering of the Lower Cambrian Black Shales in western Hunan,China   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Bo?PengEmail author  Zhaoliang?Song  Xiangling?Tu  Meilian?Xiao  Fucheng?Wu  Huanzhe?Lv 《Environmental Geology》2004,45(8):1137-1147

Weathering of heavy metal enriched black shales may be one of the most important sources of environmental contamination in areas where black shales are distributed. Heavy metal release during weathering of the Lower Cambrian Black Shales (LCBS) in western Hunan, China, was investigated using traditional geochemical methods and the ICP-MS analytical technique. Concentrations of 16 heavy metals, 8 trace elements and P were measured for samples from selected weathering profiles at the Taiping vanadium ore mine (TP), the Matian phosphorous ore mine (MT), and Taojiang stone-coal mine (TJ). The results show that the bedrock at these three profiles is enriched with Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Th, U, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, and P. Based on mass-balance calculation, the percentages of heavy metals released (in % loss) relative to immobile element Nb were estimated. The results show significant rates of release during weathering of: V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, U, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Tl for the TP profile; Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Th, Cd, and Sn for the MT profile; and Sc, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Th, Cd, Sn, and Tl for the TJ profile. Among these heavy metals, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Sn show very similar features of release from each of the three weathering profiles. The heavy metals released during weathering may affect the environment (especially topsoil and surface waters) and are possibly related to an observed high incidence of endemic diseases in the area.  相似文献   

Web-based application for estimating water quality impacts due to environmental dredging     

Chung-hwan?JeEmail author  Kyung-sub?Kim 《Environmental Geology》2004,46(2):217-225

A Web-based dredge plume simulation software has been developed for estimating sediment transport and contaminant release from dredging operations. This application software comprises a near-field source model and far-field sediment transport model, combined with the settling analysis of flocculent particles. It is designed to run on all computing platforms with a standard Web browser and is accessible over the Internet. This paper describes its internal software structures and the major features of the application software. In addition, an example application of sediment transport in the Savannah River, GA, is included to illustrate typical input and output screens and to demonstrate the accuracy of the model. The water quality assessment software developed herein will greatly enhance the ability of the predictive tool for estimating sediment transport and resuspension during dredging operations.  相似文献   

Using the geologic setting of talc deposits as an indicator of amphibole asbestos content   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bradley?S.?Van GosenEmail author  Heather?A.?Lowers  Stephen?J.?Sutley  Carol?A.?Gent 《Environmental Geology》2004,45(7):920-939

This study examined commercial talc deposits in the U.S. and their amphibole-asbestos content. The study found that the talc-forming environment directly influenced the amphibole and amphibole-asbestos content of the talc deposit. Large talc districts in the U.S. have mined hydrothermal talcs that replaced dolostone. Hydrothermal talcs, created by siliceous fluids heated by magmas at depth, consistently lack amphiboles as accessory minerals. In contrast, mineable talc deposits that formed by contact or regional metamorphism consistently contain amphiboles, locally as asbestiform varieties. Examples of contact metamorphic deposits occur in Death Valley, California; these talc-tremolite deposits contain accessory amphibole-asbestos. Talc bodies formed by regional metamorphism always contain amphiboles, which display a variety of compositions and habits, including asbestiform. Some industrial mineral deposits are under scrutiny as potential sources of accessory asbestos minerals. Recognizing consistent relations between the talc-forming environment and amphibole-asbestos content may be used in prioritizing remediation or monitoring of abandoned and active talc mines.  相似文献   

Kinetics and Equilibrium Sorption Studies of 4-Nitrophenol on pyrolyzed and activated oil shale residue   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sameer?Al-AshehEmail author  Fawzi?Banat  Asmahan?Masad 《Environmental Geology》2004,45(8):1109-1117

Sorption of the organic pollutant 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) by pyrolyzed and activated Jordanian oil-shale was studied. Pyrolyzed oil shale was prepared using a fluidized bed reactor at 520 °C in the presence of nitrogen. Physical activation was carried out by treating the pyrolyzed oil shale with CO₂ at 830 °C, while chemical activation was achieved by using KOH and ZnCl₂ as impregnating agents. Batch kinetics and isotherm studies were conducted to evaluate the sorption process. Effects of contact time, initial sorbate concentration, sorbent concentration, temperature, pH and inorganic salts (NaCl and KCl) on the sorption process by the different sorbents were considered. Chemically activated oil shale, pretreated with ZnCl₂, gave the highest uptake of 4-NP. The isotherm experimental data fit reasonably well to Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Paterson models. Three kinetic models, namely the Morris-Weber, Lagergren, and Pseudo-Second-Order model (PSOM), were applied to represent the experimental results for both pyrolyzed and ZnCl₂-oil shale sorbents.  相似文献   

Geostatistical analysis of soil moisture measurements and remotely sensed data at different spatial scales   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Shakil?Ahmad?RomshooEmail author 《Environmental Geology》2004,45(3):339-349

The European remote sensing satellite (ERS-2) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data was used for temporal monitoring of soil moisture at Sukhothai, Thailand. Higher correlations were found between the observed soil moisture and the radar backscattering coefficient. The soil moisture distribution shows great variation in space and time due to its stochastic nature. In order to obtain a better understanding of the nature and causes of spatial variation of soil moisture, the extensive soil moisture measurements observed in Thailand and also remotely sensed ERS-2 SAR data were used for geostatistical analysis. The observed soil moisture shows seasonal variations with mean varying from 3.33 %v/v (dry season) to 33.44 %v/v (wet season). The spatial geostatistical structure also shows clear seasonal variations in the geostatistical characteristics such as range and sill. The sills vary from 1.00 (%v/v)² for the driest day to 107.57 (%v/v)² for one of the wet days. The range or the correlation lengths varies between 46.5 and 149.8 m for the wettest and driest periods. The nugget effect does not show strong seasonal pattern or trend but the dry periods usually have a smaller nugget effect than the wet periods. The spherical variogram model fits the sample variograms very well in the case of soil moisture observations while the exponential model fits those of the remotely sensed data. The ranges observed from the observed soil moisture data and remotely sensed data at the same resolution are very similar. Resolution degradation affects the geostatistical structure of the data by reducing the sills, and increasing the ranges.  相似文献