The INTEGRAL mission     

Christoph Winkler 《Experimental Astronomy》1995,6(4):71-76

INTEGRAL, the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory, to be launched in 2001, is the second medium-size scientific mission (M2) of the ESA long term programme Horizon 2000. INTEGRAL addresses the fine spectroscopy and accurate positioning of celestial gamma-ray sources in the energy range 10 keV to 10 MeV. The observational requirements will be met by a payload utilising coded mask imaging in combination with detector pixel arrays (Imaging) and cooled Germanium detectors (Spectroscopy). INTEGRAL is an ESA led mission in collaboration with Russia and USA. Most of the observing time will be made available to the general scientific community.This paper is largely based on the INTEGRAL Phase A study report (ESA SCI(93)1), written by the INTEGRAL Phase A Science Working Team: S. Bergeson-Willis, T.J.-L. Courvoisier, A.J. Dean, Ph. Durouchoux, B. McBreen, N. Eismont, N. Gehrels, J.E. Grindlay, W.A. Mahoney, J.L. Matteson, O. Pace, T.A. Prince, V. Schönfelder, G.K. Skinner, R. Sunyaev, B.N. Swanenburg, B.J. Teegarden, P. Ubertini, G. Vedrenne, G.E. Villa, S. Volonté, and C. Winkler.  相似文献   

Experimentelle statistische Modellbildung des Sauerstoffgehaltes der Elbe mit Hilfe eines adaptiven Schätzverfahrens     

H. Reissig  J. Wernstedt  W. Winkler  A. Gnauck 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1978,6(1):27-34

  相似文献   

Statische Modellbildung des Sestons in Talsperren     

A. H. Gnauck  J. Wernstedt  W. Winkler 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1977,5(2):141-152

  相似文献   

Temperaturen und Drucke bei der regionalen Metamorphose: Prinzipielle und praktische Hinweise     

Prof. Dr. Helmut G. F. Winkler 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1976,65(1):874-885

The author's concept (1970, 1974) of evaluating metamorphic conditions is explained on the basis of most recent petrologic data. The major points treated are:

1. Instead of usual petrographic mapping, petrographic work in the field is aimed at specific “targets”, i.e., rock compositions. This is so because only specific rocks may give petrogenetically relevant information in the four metamorphic grades.
2. There are very many mineral reactions in metamorphism but only a few are petrogenetically significant. These are important to know, and they are graphically demonstrated. Any mineral assemblage that is formed by a significant mineral reaction must be verified as a paragenesis of mutually contacting minerals. Only such parageneses deserve to be mapped in the field as isograds or isoreactiongrads.
3. Crossing isograds or isoreactionsgrads provide data on temperature and pressure during metamorphism for that part of a metamorphic terrane where the crossing has been observed.
4. The sequence of isograds or isoreaction-grads may be a pressure indicator. Moreover, such a sequence provides geodynamic information whether a larger metamorphic area has been lifted up evenly or has been tilted while it was uplifted after metamorphism.

  相似文献   

Zur Erstellung von Wassergütemodellen für Talsperren mittels rekursiver Schätzverfahren     

A. Gnauck  J. Wernstedt  W. Winkler 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1975,3(4):381-384

  相似文献   

Buchbesprechungen     

A. Hörler  R. Braun  E. Winkler  F. Zehender  E. Märki  R. Germanier 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1959,21(2):265-270

  相似文献   

Multiphase chemistry and acidity of clouds at Kleiner Feldberg     

S. Fuzzi  M. C. Facchini  D. Schell  W. Wobrock  P. Winkler  B. G. Arends  M. Kessel  J. J. Möls  S. Pahl  T. Schneider  A. Berner  I. Solly  C. Kruisz  M. Kalina  H. Fierlinger  A. Hallberg  P. Vitali  L. Santoli  G. Tigli 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,19(1-2):87-106

The chemistry of cloud multiphase systems was studied within the Kleiner Feldberg Cloud Experiment 1990. The clouds encountered during this experimental campaign could be divided into two categories according to the origin of air masses in which the clouds formed. From the chemical point of view, clouds passing the sampling site during the first period of the campaign (26 October-4 November) were characterized by lower pollutant loading and higher pH, as compared to clouds during the final period of the experimental campaign (10–13 November). The study of multiphase partitioning of the main chemical constituents of the cloud systems and of atmospheric acidity within the multiphase systems themselves (gas + interstitial aerosol + liquid droplets) are presented in this paper. A general lack of gaseous NH₃ was found in these cloud systems, which caused a lack of buffer capacity toward acid addition. Evidence supports the hypothesis that the higher acidity of the cloud systems during this final period of the campaign was due to input of HNO₃. Our measurements, however, could not determine whether the observed input was due to scavenging of gaseous HNO₃ from the air feeding into the cloud, or to heterogeneous HNO₃ formation via NO₂ oxidation by O₃ to NO₃ and N₂O₅. Sulfate in cloud droplets mainly originated from aerosol SO ₄ ^2– scavenging, since S(IV) to S(VI) liquid phase conversion was inhibited due to both lack of H₂O₂ and low pH of cloud droplets, which made O₃ and metal catalyzed S(IV) oxidation inefficient.  相似文献   

The influence of meteorology on clouds at Kleiner Feldberg   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. Winkler  W. Wobrock  R. N. Colvile  D. Schell 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,19(1-2):37-58

  相似文献   

Late stages of solar type protostars     

Karl-Heinz A. Winkler 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1978,19(2):237-244

A consistent hydrodynamical and radiative transfer calculation in spherical symmetry for a 1M protostar is presented. The calculation starts with Larson's initial conditions and continues until almost all the material has fallen onto a hydrostatic core with a large outer convection zone. The innermost percent of the mass is partially degenerate. Due to the numerical technique used, the radius of the hydrostatic core is determined with a high degree of accuracy.Paper presented at the Conference on Protostars and Planets, held at the Planetary Science Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, between January 3 and 7, 1978.  相似文献   

Die Struktur des Tief-K2Li[AIF6] und ihre Beziehung zu Elpasolith,K2Na[AlF6] und anderen Strukturen     

Prof. Dr. Helmut G. F. Winkler 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1952,3(4):297-306

Zusammenfassung Die Struktur von Kristallen der Tieftemperaturmodifikation des K₂Li[AlF₆] wurden untersucht. Es ergaben sich folgende Daten: Kristallklasse –3m–D _3d: ditrigonal-skalenoedrisch; rhomboedrisches Translationsgitter; RaumgruppeR –3m–D _3d (5). Hexagonale Aufstellung:a ₀=5,574 Åc ₀=13,648 Å ;c/a=2,4485. Inhalt der Zelle 3 · K₂LiAlF₆. Rhomboedrische Aufstellung: _R = 5,573 Å;=60° 01; Inhalt dieser Zelle 1 · K₂LiAlF₆;D _x = 3,066. Die vollständige Struktur wird mitgeteilt und mit der sehr ähnlichen Struktur des kubischen Minerals Elpasolith, K₂Na[AIF₆], verglichen; es besteht zwischen beiden Strukturen Homöotypie, Außerdem werden die optischen Daten und die Spaltbarkeit dieser beiden Kristallarten miteinander verglichen und die Unterschiede qualitativ auf Grund der Kristallstrukturen erklärt. Weitere Homöotypiebeziehungen werden aufgezeigt.  相似文献