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61.
62.
Stijn Dewaele Philippe Muchez Wouter Heijlen Amanda Boutwood Terry Lemmon Roger Tyler 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,89(1-3):376
The Kundelungu foreland, north of the Lufilian arc in the Democratic Republic of Congo, contains a number of various vein-type and stratiform copper mineralisations. The geodynamic context and metallogenesis of these mineral occurrences remain enigmatic. Currently, the vein-type Cu–Ag ore deposit at Dikulushi is the most significant deposit in the region. Mineralisation at Dikulushi comprises two major styles: 1) a polysulphide assemblage (Zn–Pb–Fe–Cu–As) within brecciated rocks along an anticlinal closure; and 2) a vein-hosted Cu–Ag assemblage. Petrographic and fluid inclusion studies indicate that the early Zn–Pb–Fe–Cu–As assemblage formed from a high-salinity Ca–Na–Cl fluid of modest temperature (135–172 °C). The later, economically more significant vein-related Cu–Ag mineralisation formed from intermediate salinity, lower temperature (46–82 °C) Na–Cl fluids. Weathering of the sulphide minerals resulted in a supergene enrichment with the formation of secondary Cu-minerals. 相似文献
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In this paper, we consider the upscaling of Hooke's law and its parameters on the fine scale, to a similar law with upscaled parameters on a larger scale. It is assumed that the fine scale material properties of the rock are imperfectly layered. In the governing equations, the deviations from perfect layering introduce a small parameter that can be used in perturbation series expansions for the stress, the strain, and the displacement. In the approximation of order zero the upscaled compliance matrix contains the well-known Backus parameters; this approximation holds exactly for a perfect layering. However, many natural rock types are imperfectly layered and in that case the approximation of order zero may not be sufficiently accurate. Therefore, we consider also the first order corrections. The derivation and results are presented both for the most general case and for the much simpler case in which the fine scale Poisson ratio may be assumed constant. From thermodynamic principles, it follows that the compliance tensor is symmetric on the fine scale. However, it is shown that the argument for symmetry cannot be extended to upscaled rigidities. One of the most important conclusions is that upscaled compliance tensors are nonsymmetric when there are trends in the deviations from perfect layering. 相似文献
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66.
利用大地测量和历史相对海平面变化数据,结合地震剪切波层析模型,联合确定了新的末次冰期冰川均衡调整（GIA）模型,其中地幔黏滞度不仅沿径向而且沿横向变化.研究思路是,先尝试性地选择比例系数β,利用与地震剪切波速异常的线性关系,计算地幔黏滞度横向扰动,并与横向均匀的黏滞度参考模型叠加给出3D地幔黏滞度模型;再利用耦合拉普拉斯方程的有限元法算法进行GIA预测;然后,重复该过程,直到预测与观测之间的吻合满意为止.主要结论有：（1）给出了横向非均匀的地幔黏滞度模型（RF3L20(β=0.4)）,发现了黏滞度显著的横向非均匀性和其对GIA预测的显著影响,指出横向非均匀不完全是由热效应引起的,可能还与化学组分等其他因素有关,该模型可用于地幔动力学研究.（2）给出了全球现今多种GIA预测速率,可为板块运动、陆地水储量、海水质量变化和冰川冰雪质量非平衡监测提供重要的改正. 相似文献
67.
Alexander Braun Chung-Yen Kuo C.K. Shum Patrick Wu Wouter van der Wal Georgia Fotopoulos 《Journal of Geodynamics》2008,46(3-5):165
Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) modelling in North America relies on relative sea level information which is primarily obtained from areas far away from the uplift region. The lack of accurate geodetic observations in the Great Lakes region, which is located in the transition zone between uplift and subsidence due to the deglaciation of the Laurentide ice sheet, has prevented more detailed studies of this former margin of the ice sheet. Recently, observations of vertical crustal motion from improved GPS network solutions and combined tide gauge and satellite altimetry solutions have become available. This study compares these vertical motion observations with predictions obtained from 70 different GIA models. The ice sheet margin is distinct from the centre and far field of the uplift because the sensitivity of the GIA process towards Earth parameters such as mantle viscosity is very different. Specifically, the margin area is most sensitive to the uppermost mantle viscosity and allows for better constraints of this parameter. The 70 GIA models compared herein have different ice loading histories (ICE-3/4/5G) and Earth parameters including lateral heterogeneities. The root-mean-square differences between the 6 best models and the two sets of observations (tide gauge/altimetry and GPS) are 0.66 and 1.57 mm/yr, respectively. Both sets of independent observations are highly correlated and show a very similar fit to the models, which indicates their consistent quality. Therefore, both data sets can be considered as a means for constraining and assessing the quality of GIA models in the Great Lakes region and the former margin of the Laurentide ice sheet. 相似文献
68.
Wouter van Gorp Arnaud J.A.M. Temme Jantiene E.M. Baartman Jeroen M. Schoorl 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(12):1587-1600
Natural damming of upland river systems, such as landslide or lava damming, occurs worldwide. Many dams fail shortly after their creation, while other dams are long‐lived and therefore have a long‐term impact on fluvial and landscape evolution. This long‐term impact is still poorly understood and landscape evolution modelling (LEM) can increase our understanding of different aspects of this response. Our objective was to simulate fluvial response to damming, by monitoring sediment redistribution and river profile evolution for a range of geomorphic settings. We used LEM LAPSUS, which calculates runoff erosion and deposition and can deal with non‐spurious sinks, such as dam‐impounded areas. Because fluvial dynamics under detachment‐limited and transport‐limited conditions are different, we mimicked these conditions using low and high erodibility settings, respectively. To compare the relative impact of different dam types, we evaluated five scenarios for each landscape condition: one scenario without a dam and four scenarios with dams of increasing erodibility. Results showed that dam‐related sediment storage persisted at least until 15 000 years for all dam scenarios. Incision and knickpoint retreat occurred faster in the detachment‐limited landscape than in the transport‐limited landscape. Furthermore, in the transport‐limited landscape, knickpoint persistence decreased with increasing dam erodibility. Stream capture occurred only in the transport‐limited landscape due to a persisting floodplain behind the dam and headward erosion of adjacent channels. Changes in sediment yield variation due to stream captures did occur but cannot be distinguished from other changes in variation of sediment yield. Comparison of the model results with field examples indicates that the model reproduces several key phenomena of damming response in both transport‐limited and detachment‐limited landscapes. We conclude that a damming event which occurred 15 000 years ago can influence present‐day sediment yield, profile evolution and stream patterns. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
69.
Melt–water Accumulation on the Surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet: Effect on Albedo and Mass Balance
Wouter Greuell 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2000,82(4):489-498
Satellite–derived albedo maps of the western part of the Greenland ice sheet (between 64.5 and 70.5 ∘ N) reveal a north–south extending zone with relatively low albedos at some distance from the ice margin. In the literature it has been hypothesized that this "dark zone" is due to a local maximum in melt–water accumulation on the ice–covered surface. A plausible explanation for this maximum in melt–water accumulation is thatrelative to the situation within the "dark zone", melt–water accumulation is reduced at higher elevations by a smaller melt–water production rate whereas runoff occurs more easily at lower elevations where slopes are generally steeper. For the present paper AVHRR images from eight years (1990–1997) were analysed. The following indications confirming the "melt–water accumulation hypothesis" were found: (1) there is a significant correlation between the annual mean albedo lowering within the "dark zone" and the annual amount of melt as inferred from local mass–balance measurements; and (2) within each summer season the albedo lowering within the "dark zone" seems to respond to the melt–water production rate as inferred from local temperature measurements. The effect of melt–water accumulation on the albedo implies a positive feedback between the albedo and the amount of melt. It is estimated that approximately 40% of the interannual mass–balance variations in the "dark zone" are due to this feedback. 相似文献