Environmental risk evaluation of the use of mine spoils and treated sewage sludge in the ecological restoration of limestone quarries     

M. M. Jordán  S. Pina  F. García-Orenes  M. B. Almendro-Candel  E. García-Sánchez 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(2):453-462

The ecologic restoration criteria in areas degraded from extraction activities require making use of their mine spoils. These materials do not meet fertility conditions to guarantee restoration success and therefore, need the incorporation of organic amendments to obtain efficient substratum. Reducing the deficiencies in the organic material and restoration material nutrients with the contribution of treated sewage sludge is proposed in this work. This experiment was based on a controlled study using columns. The work was conducted with two mine spoils, both very rich in calcium carbonate. The first mineral, of poor quality, came from the formation of aggregates of crushed limestone (Z). The other residual material examined originated in limestone extraction, formed by the levels of interspersed non-limestone materials and the remains of stripped soils (D). Two treatments were undertaken (30,000 and 90,000 kg/ha of sewage sludge), in addition to a control treatment. The water contribution was carried out with a device that simulated either short-duration rain or a flooding irrigation system in order to cover the surface and then percolate through the soil. The collection of leached water took place 24 h after the applications. Different parameters of the leached water were determined, including pH, electrical conductivity, nitrate anions, ammonium, phosphates, sulphates and chlorides. The values obtained for each irrigation application are discussed, and the nitrate values obtained were very elevated.  相似文献   

Age of the Earth’s crust and the Nd isotopic composition of the mantle sources of East Antarctic complexes     

E. V. Mikhalsky 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(2):168-174

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Chemical composition of atmospheric precipitates within the influence zone of the Severonikel Smelter   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

V. A. Dauval’ter  M. V. Dauval’ter  N. V. Saltan  E. N. Semenov 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(10):1064-1069

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Liquid immiscibility in deep-seated magmas and the generation of carbonatite melts     

L. I. Panina  I. V. Motorina 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(5):448-464

This paper reviews the results of investigations of melt inclusions in minerals of carbonatites and spatially associated silicate rocks genetically related to various deep-seated undersaturated silicate magmas of alkaline ultrabasic, alkaline basic, lamproitic, and kimberlitic compositions. The analysis of this direct genetic information showed that all the deep magmas are inherently enriched in volatile components, the most abundant among which are carbon dioxide, alkalis, halides, sulfur, and phosphorus. The volatiles probably initially served as agents of mantle metasomatism and promoted melting in deep magma sources. The derived magmas became enriched in carbon dioxide, alkalis, and other volatile components owing to the crystallization and fractionation of early high-magnesium minerals and gradually acquired the characteristics of carbonated silicate liquids. When critical compositional parameters were reached, the accumulated volatiles catalyzed immiscibility, the magmas became heterogeneous, and two-phase carbonate-silicate liquid immiscibility occurred at temperatures of ≥1280–1250°C. The immiscibility was accompanied by the partitioning of elements: the major portion of fluid components partitioned together with Ca into the carbonate-salt fraction (parental carbonatite melt), and the silicate melt was correspondingly depleted in these components and became more silicic. After spatial separation, the silicate and carbonate-silicate melts evolved independently during slow cooling. Differentiation and fractionation were characteristic of silicate melts. The carbonatite melts became again heterogeneous within the temperature range from 1200 to 800–600°C and separated into immiscible carbonate-salt fractions of various compositions: alkali-sulfate, alkali-phosphate, alkali-fluoride, alkali-chloride, and Fe-Mg-Ca carbonate. In large scale systems, polyphase silicate-carbonate-salt liquid immiscibility is usually manifested during the slow cooling and prolonged evolution of deeply derived melts in the Earth’s crust. It may lead to the formation of various types of intrusive carbonatites: widespread calcite-dolomite and rare alkali-sulfate, alkali-phosphate, and alkali-halide rocks. The initial alkaline carbonatite melts can retain their compositions enriched in P, S, Cl, and F only at rapid eruption followed by instantaneous quenching.  相似文献   

Chromium in the main components of Transbaikalia landscapes     

V. K. Kashin 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(5):517-524

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Crystallization of authigenic carbonates in mud volcanoes at Lake Baikal   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A. A. Krylov  O. M. Khlystov  T. I. Zemskaya  H. Minami  A. Hachikubo  H. Shoji  M. Kida  T. P. Pogodaeva  L. Naudts  J. Poort 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(10):985-995

This paper presents data on authigenic siderite first found in surface sediments from mud volcanoes in the Central (K-2) and Southern (Malen’kii) basins of Lake Baikal. Ca is the predominant cation, which substitutes Fe in the crystalline lattice of siderite. The enrichment of the carbonates in the ¹³C isotope (from +3.3 to +6.8‰ for the Malen’kii volcano and from +17.7 to +21.9‰ for K-2) results from the crystallization of the carbonates during methane generation via the bacterial destruction of organic matter (acetate). The overall depletion of the carbonates in ¹⁸O is mainly inherited from the isotopic composition of Baikal water.  相似文献   

General characteristics of the geochemical evolution of silicic melts during the development of massive sulfide magmatic ore systems: Evidence from the investigation of melt inclusions     

I. V. Gas’kov  V. A. Simonov  S. V. Kovyazin 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(11):1107-1116

The investigation of melt inclusions in the minerals of volcanic rocks from the massive sulfide deposits of Siberia and the Urals revealed some specific features in the development of their magmatic ore systems. It was shown that the petrochemical and rare earth element compositions of melt inclusions reflect the geodynamic conditions of their formation: island arc conditions for the massive sulfide deposits of Rudny Altai, eastern Tuva, and the Salair Range and a back arc basin environment for the Yaman-Kasy deposit. The silicic melts of inclusions from the volcanic rocks of massive sulfide deposits show some specific features with respect to the contents of volatile components. In all of the ore deposits studied, fluorine content was always low (0.03–0.08 wt %), whereas chlorine content (0.13–0.28 wt %) was higher than the average value for silicic melts (0.17 wt %). There is a strong differentiation of water content in melt inclusions, both between deposits and between various volcanics from a single deposit. Ore-bearing melts show the highest water contents of 3.34–4.07 wt %. High Cu contents in the silicic melts of the Yubileinoe and Kyzyl-Tashtyg deposits (up to 7118 and 3228 ppm, respectively) may indicate the affinity of some ore components to particular silicic magmas. This is supported by the elevated contents of Cu in the porphyry Cu deposits of Romania (Valea Morii), Mongolia (Bayan Ula), and Bolivia. On the other hand, the silicic melts of inclusions from the molybdenum-uranium deposit of the Strel’tsovka ore field show high contents of another group of ore components (U and F).  相似文献   

Experimental study of fluorine and chlorine contents in mica (biotite) and their partitioning between mica,phonolite melt,and fluid     

V. Yu. Chevychelov  R. E. Botcharnikov  F. Holtz 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(11):1081-1089

This paper reports the results of a study of the composition of mica (biotite) crystallizing in the system of phonolite melt-Cl- and F-bearing aqueous fluid at T ～ 850°C, P = 200 MPa, and \(f_{O_2 } \) = Ni-NiO, as well as data on F and Cl partitioning between coexisting phases. It was established that Cl content in mica is significantly lower than in phonolite melt and, especially, in fluid. Fluorine shows a different behavior in this system: its content in mica is always higher than in phonolite melt but lower than in fluid. The mica-melt partition coefficients of Cl and F also behave differently. The Cl partition coefficient gradually increases from 0.17 to 0.33 with increasing Cl content in the system, whereas the partition coefficient of F sharply decreases from 3.0 to 1.0 with increasing total F content. The apparent partition coefficients of F between biotite and groundmass (melt) in various magmatic rocks are usually significantly higher than the experimental values. It was supposed that the higher ^Bt/glassD_F values in natural samples could be related to the influence of later oxidation reactions, reequilibration of biotite at continuously decreasing \(f_{H_2 O} \)/f _HF ratio, and an increase in this coefficients with decreasing total F content in the system.  相似文献   

Inclusions of silicate and sulfate melts in chrome diposide from the Inagli deposit,Yakutia, Russia     

V. B. Naumov  V. S. Kamenetsky  R. Thomas  N. N. Kononkova  B. N. Ryzhenko 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(6):554-564

Melt inclusions were studied in chrome diopside from the Inagli deposit of gemstones in the Inagli massif of alkaline ultrabasic rocks of potassic affinity in the northwestern Aldan shield, Yakutia, Russia. The chrome diopside is highly transparent and has an intense green color. Its Cr₂O₃ content varies from 0.13 to 0.75 wt %. Primary and primary-secondary polyphase inclusions in chrome diopside are dominated by crystal phases (80–90 vol %) and contain aqueous solution and a gas phase. Using electron microprobe analysis and Raman spectroscopy, the following crystalline phases were identified. Silicate minerals are represented by potassium feldspar, pectolite [NaCa₂Si₃O₈(OH)], and phlogopite. The most abundant minerals in the majority of inclusions are sulfates: glaserite (aphthitalite) [K₃Na(SO₄)₂], glauberite [Na₂Ca(SO₄)₂], aluminum sulfate, anhydrite (CaSO₄), gypsum (CaSO₄ × 2H₂O), barite (BaSO₄), bloedite [Na₂Mg(SO₄)₂ × 4H₂O], thenardite (NaSO₄), polyhalite [K₂Ca₂Mg(SO₄)₄ × 2H₂O], arcanite (K₂SO₄), and celestite (SrSO₄). In addition, apatite was detected in some inclusions. Chlorides are probably present among small crystalline phases, because some analyses of aggregates of silicate and sulfate minerals showed up to 0.19–10.3 wt % Cl. Hydrogen was identified in the gas phase of polyphase inclusions by Raman spectroscopy. The composition of melt from which the chrome diopside crystallized was calculated on the basis of the investigation of silicate melt inclusions. This melt contains 53.5 wt % SiO₂, considerable amounts of CaO (16.3 wt %), K₂O (7.9 wt %), Na₂O (3.5 wt %), and SO₃ (1.4 wt %) and moderate amounts of Al₂O₃ (7.5 wt %), MgO (5.8 wt %), FeO (1.1 wt %), and H₂O (0.75 wt %). The content of Cr₂O₃ in the melt was 0.13 wt %. Many inclusions were homogenized at 770–850°C, when all of the crystals and the gas phase were dissolved. The material of inclusions heated up to the homogenization temperature became heterogeneous even during very fast quenching (two seconds) producing numerous small crystals. This fact implies that most of the inclusions contained a salt (rather than silicate) melt of sulfate-dominated composition. Such inclusions were formed from salt globules (with a density of about 2.5 g/cm³) occurring as an emulsion in the denser (2.6 g/cm³) silicate melt from which the chrome diopside crystallized.  相似文献   

Metamorphic rocks of the Murmansk domain (Kola Peninsula) as compared with the oldest rock associations of the northeastern Baltic shield,Canada, and Greenland     

N. E. Kozlov  E. V. Martynov  N. O. Sorokhtin  A. A. Ivanov  N. M. Kudryashov  N. E. Kozlova 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(6):608-613

Rock associations characterized by heterogeneous sets of petrogeochemical parameters were compared by quantifying the degree of their similarity-dissimilarity and searching for discrimination trends between them. Using procedures specially developed for this purpose, it was demonstrated for the first time that the lithotectonic complexes of the Murmansk domain are fundamentally different from those of typical granulite-gneiss terrains and resemble the granite-greenstone terrains of the Baltic shield, Greenland, and Canada. Based on the whole data set, the Murmansk domain can be considered as a deeply eroded Archean granite-greenstone terrain retaining only the tonalite-trondhjemite-gneiss basement with abundant supracrustal enclaves. A trend of the compositional difference between the older and younger rock associations is similar to that between the tholeiitic and boninitic volcanic series. It was suggested that the petrogeochemical “age” trend reflects the initial stage of the compositional evolution of the metamagmatic rocks of the region from metamorphic rocks similar to tholeiites at the early stages to the Paleoproterozoic boninite-like rocks, which are believed to be linked to the unique PGE-bearing province of the northeastern Baltic shield. This implies that the specific metallogenic features of the region emerged already in the Archean, which supported the suggestion on the long duration of geological processes in the Early Precambrian.  相似文献