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111.
A mixed model is proposed to fit earthquake interevent time distribution. In this model, the whole distribution is constructed
by mixing the distribution of clustered seismicity, with a suitable distribution of background seismicity. Namely, the fit
is tested assuming a clustered seismicity component modeled by a non-homogeneous Poisson process and a background component
modeled using different hypothetical models (exponential, gamma and Weibull). For southern California, Japan, and Turkey,
the best fit is found when a Weibull distribution is implemented as a model for background seismicity. Our study uses earthquake
random sampling method we introduced recently. It is performed here to account for space–time clustering of earthquakes at
different distances from a given source and to increase the number of samples used to estimate earthquake interevent time
distribution and its power law scaling. For Japan, the contribution of clustered pairs of events to the whole distribution
is analyzed for different magnitude cutoffs, m
c, and different time periods. The results show that power laws are mainly produced by the dominance of correlated pairs at
small and long time ranges. In particular, both power laws, observed at short and long time ranges, can be attributed to time–space
clustering revealed by the standard Gardner and Knopoff’s declustering windows. 相似文献
112.
DUJie CHENXiaoyong FumioYamazaki 《地球空间信息科学学报》2003,6(3):37-42
This paper demonstrates an experiment on the generation of 3D virtual geographic environment on the basis of experimental flight laser scan-ning data by a set of algorithms and methods that were developed to auto-matically interpret range images for extracting geo-spatial features and then to reconstruct geo-objects. The algorithms and methods for the inter-pretation and modeling of laser scanner data include triangulated-irregular-net- work (TIN)-based range image inter- polation; mathematical-morphology (MM)-based range image filtering,feature extraction and range image segmentation, feature generalization and optimization, 3D objects recon-struction and modeling; computer-graphics (CG)-based visualization and animation of geographic virtual reality environment. 相似文献
113.
Ryo Yamazaki Kenji Toma Kunihito Ioka Takashi Nakamura 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,369(1):311-316
Tail emission of the prompt gamma-ray burst (GRB) is discussed using a multiple emitting sub-shell (inhomogeneous jet, sub-jets or mini-jets) model, where the whole GRB jet consists of many emitting sub-shells. One may expect that such a jet with angular inhomogeneity should produce spiky tail emission. However, we found that the tail is not spiky but is decaying roughly monotonically. The global decay slope of the tail is not so much affected by the local angular inhomogeneity but affected by the global sub-shell energy distribution. The fact that steepening GRB tail breaks appeared in some events prefers the structured jets. If the angular size of the emitting sub-shell is around 0.01–0.02 rad, some bumps or fluctuations appear in the tail emission observed frequently in long GRBs. If the parameter differences of sub-shell properties are large, the tail has frequent changes of the temporal slope observed in a few bursts. Therefore, the multiple emitting sub-shell model has the advantage of explaining the small-scale structure in the observed rapid decay phase. 相似文献
114.
T. Inoue T. Irifune Y. Higo T. Sanehira Y. Sueda A. Yamada T. Shinmei D. Yamazaki J. Ando K. Funakoshi W. Utsumi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2006,33(2):106-114
The phase boundary between wadsleyite and ringwoodite in Mg2SiO4 has been determined in situ using a multi-anvil apparatus and synchrotron X-rays radiation at SPring-8. In spite of the similar X-ray diffraction profiles of these high-pressure phases with closely related structures, we were able to identify the occurrence of the mutual phase transformations based on the change in the difference profile by utilizing a newly introduced press-oscillation system. The boundary was located at ~18.9 GPa and 1,400°C when we used Shim’s gold pressure scale (Shim et al. in Earth Planet Sci Lett 203:729–739, 2002), which was slightly (~0.8 GPa) lower than the pressure as determined from the quench experiments of Katsura and Ito (J Geophys Res 94:15663–15670, 1989). Although it was difficult to constrain the Clapeyron slope based solely on the present data due to the kinetic problem, the phase boundary [P (GPa)=13.1+4.11×10−3×T (K)] calculated by a combination of a P–T position well constrained by the present experiment and the calorimetric data of Akaogi et al. (J Geophys Res 94:15671–15685, 1989) reasonably explains all the present data within the experimental error. When we used Anderson’s gold pressure scale (Anderson et al. in J Appl Phys 65:1535–1543, 1989), our phase boundary was located in ~18.1 GPa and 1,400°C, and the extrapolation boundary was consistent with that of Kuroda et al. (Phys Chem Miner 27:523–532, 2000), which was determined at high temperature (1,800–2,000°C) using a calibration based on the same pressure scale. Our new phase boundary is marginally consistent with that of Suzuki et al. (Geophys Res Lett 27:803–806, 2000) based on in situ X-ray experiments at lower temperatures (<1,000°C) using Brown’s and Decker’s NaCl pressure scales. 相似文献
115.
116.
Atsushi Takenouchi Akira Yamaguchi Takashi Mikouchi Richard Greenwood Sojiro Yamazaki 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2023,58(10):1406-1428
Asuka (A) 12325 is the first poikilitic shergottite having a depleted pattern in light rare earth elements (REE). Compared with known poikilitic shergottites, A 12325 has smaller but more abundant pyroxene oikocrysts with remarkable Fe-rich pigeonite rims, indicating that A 12325 cooled relatively faster at a shallower part of the crust. The redox condition (logfO2 = IW + 0.6-IW + 1.7) and Fe-rich chemical compositions of each mineral in A 12325 are close to enriched shergottites. The intermediate shergottites could not form by a simple mixing between parent magmas of A 12325 and enriched shergottites. Although A 12325 contains various high-pressure minerals such as majorite and ringwoodite, plagioclase is only partly maskelynitized. Therefore, the maximum shock pressure may be within 17–22 GPa. Thermal conduction and ringwoodite growth calculation around a shock vein revealed that the shock dwell time of A 12325 is at least 40 ms. The weaker shock pressure and longer shock dwell time in A 12325 may be attained by an impact event similar to those of nakhlites and Northwest Africa (NWA) 8159. Such a weak shock ejection event may be as common on Mars as a severe shock event recorded in shergottites. Alteration of sulfide observed in A 12325 may imply the presence of magmatic fluid in its reservoir on Mars. A 12325 expands a chemical variety of Martian rocks and has a unique shock history among poikilitic shergottites while A 12325 also implies that poikilitic shergottites are common rocks on Mars regardless of their sources. 相似文献
117.
An integrated model simulating the initiation and motion of earthquake and rain induced rapid landslides and its application to the 2006 Leyte landslide 总被引:10,自引:7,他引:3
Kyoji?SassaEmail author Osamu?Nagai Renato?Solidum Yoichi?Yamazaki Hidemasa?Ohta 《Landslides》2010,7(3):219-236
A gigantic rapid landslide claiming over 1,000 fatalities was triggered by rainfalls and a small nearby earthquake in the
Leyte Island, Philippines in 2006. The disaster presented the necessity of a new modeling technology for disaster risk preparedness
which simulates initiation and motion. This paper presents a new computer simulation integrating the initiation process triggered
by rainfalls and/or earthquakes and the development process to a rapid motion due to strength reduction and the entrainment
of deposits in the runout path. This simulation model LS-RAPID was developed from the geotechnical model for the motion of landslides (Sassa 1988) and its improved simulation model (Sassa et al. 2004b) and new knowledge obtained from a new dynamic loading ring shear apparatus (Sassa et al. 2004a). The examination of performance of each process in a simple imaginary slope addressed that the simulation model well simulated
the process of progressive failure, and development to a rapid landslide. The initiation process was compared to conventional
limit equilibrium stability analyses by changing pore pressure ratio. The simulation model started to move in a smaller pore
pressure ratio than the limit equilibrium stability analyses because of progressive failure. However, when a larger shear
deformation is set as the threshold for the start of strength reduction, the onset of landslide motion by the simulation agrees
with the cases where the factor of safety estimated by the limit equilibrium stability analyses equals to a unity. The field
investigation and the undrained dynamic loading ring shear tests on the 2006 Leyte landslide suggested that this landslide
was triggered by the combined effect of pore water pressure due to rains and a very small earthquake. The application of this
simulation model could well reproduce the initiation and the rapid long runout motion of the Leyte landslide. 相似文献