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61.
Modern dual-frequency global positioning system (GPS) receivers are capable of providing direct measurements of both L1 C/A (C1) and P code (P1) without the use of the Y-codes under Anti-Spoofing. A discrepancy or bias between the C1 and P1 measurements from these receivers has however been of concern to operators and users of GPS reference networks. For the
purpose of modeling and estimation, the nature and characteristics of the discrepancy must be investigated. The research results
presented indicate that the discrepancy between the C1 and P1 measurements contains two different types of components: one is of constant type while another is time variant. A method
has been developed for their modeling and estimation. The residual C1–P1 time series after a satellite-dependent bias removal agree at a few-centimeter level, indicating the effectiveness of the
proposed model. This allows the C1–P1 discrepancy, both constant and non-constant components, to be removed from GPS reference network solutions. Numerical results
are provided to support the analysis.
Received: 12 October 1999 / Accepted: 11 May 2000 相似文献
62.
Pentti Hölttä Hannu Huhma Yann Lahaye Irmeli Mänttäri Sari Lukkari Hugh O’Brien 《International Geology Review》2020,62(3):360-387
ABSTRACTWe have identified two contrasting styles of Paleoproterozoic metamorphism in the northern part of the Fennoscandian Shield. The Karelia and Lapland-Kola Provinces, comprising Archean and overlying Paleoproterozoic supracrustal rocks, show a typical medium pressure Barrovian-style metamorphism with commonly found kyanite-bearing mineral assemblages and ITD (isothermal decompression) PT paths. In the juxtaposed Svecofennia Province metamorphism represents low pressure-high temperature Buchan style with garnet-cordierite migmatites and intercalated andalusite-cordierite and andalusite-staurolite schists and sillimanite-muscovite gneisses. The retrograde PT paths show only a moderate uplift during cooling.U-Pb age determinations on monazite were made using the LA-ICP-MS from more than 80 samples from metasedimentary rocks. The sampling covered most parts of the Paleoproterozoic bedrock in Finland. The analyses reveal three peaks at c. 1.91 Ga, 1.86–1.88 Ga and at 1.79–1.81 Ga. The oldest, c. 1.91 Ga monazites are mostly found in the Lapland-Kola Province which is located in the northernmost Finland. In the Karelia Province where the Paleoproterozoic is underlain by Archean bedrock monazite yielded ages of 1.76?1.81 Ga with only a few older exceptions in samples showing a spread of 207Pb/206Pb ages from c. 1.92–1.81 Ga. The Karelia Province underwent tectonic thickening, where monazite ages of around 1.80 Ga mostly represent exhumation near the temperature maximum.In the Svecofennia Province monazite ages vary from c. 1.89 to 1.78 Ga. In the Western Finland Subprovince the monazite ages in high-grade migmatites are mostly 1.86?1.88 Ga but within the older migmatite areas there are lower grade zones where monazite yields ages of c. 1.80 Ga. Some samples also show a spread of 207Pb/206Pb ages from 1.89?1.86 Ga to c. 1.78 Ga. In the Southern Finland Subprovince most ages are either 1.80?1.78 Ga, especially in the andalusite grade schists, or the sample shows a spread of 207Pb/206Pb ages from c. 1.88 to 1.78 Ga. Only in the eastern part of the Southern Finland Subprovince there are rocks which yield merely 1.86?1.89 Ga ages. Low pressure-high temperature metamorphism and lack of high or medium P/T rocks in the Svecofennia Province refers rather to accretionary than collisional processes. 相似文献
63.
In this paper we initially present a critical review of a range of ethnological maps produced over the last 130 years for
highland northern Vietnam. In particular we illustrate the many difficulties faced when trying to represent mosaics of ethnic
highland minority groups on two dimensional maps. Such historical maps included no attempts to bring topographic details into
the picture, an idea that would have been virtually impossible anyway, given the cartographic technologies at the time. Yet
by not including such details or not representing them clearly, a partial image of these populations has been created that,
over time, has become a standardised representation. Therefore, as a more systematic approach to the analysis of these highland
minority groups, we present recent attempts to create more functional maps and models for the northern Vietnam province of
Lao Cai, using modern cartographic techniques and geographic information systems. Utilising tools such as digital cartography
and digital elevation models a wealth of information can be gained which has the potential, amongst other possible uses, to
allow for a greater understanding and sensitivity regarding ethnic minority groups in Northern Vietnam, and their use of the
local environment.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
64.
Yann Leredde Christine Lauer-Leredde Frédéric Diaz 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2005,337(12):1055-1064
A variational data assimilation method is applied to a simplified marine ecosystem model of NPZ (Nutrient Phytoplankton Zooplankton) type, which implies five parameters. The method allows us to optimise these parameters by an iterative process of minimisation of a cost function which quantifies the quadratic discrepancy between observations and simulation results. The first part of this note describes how to obtain the adjoint model of the NPZ model allowing us to compute the gradient of the cost function relative to the parameters. Two experiments of artificial data assimilation then show the efficiency of this method, but also its limitations because of non-linearities and sensitivity problems of the model relative to the parameters. To cite this article: Y. Leredde et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005). 相似文献
65.
Yann Leredde Cléa Denamiel Elena Brambilla Christine Lauer-Leredde Frédéric Bouchette Patrick Marsaleix 《Continental Shelf Research》2007
The Gulf of Aigues-Mortes (NW Mediterranean Sea) is a midshelf zone whose scale is an intermediate between the nearshore scale (0–10 m depth) and the coastal scale (including the whole continental shelf). Its hydrodynamics is investigated for the first time. ADCP, CTD and thermosalinograph data were collected during three short cruises (HYGAM; March 6–7, 20–21, April 5–6, 2005). They were scheduled approximately every 15 days to sample the gulf circulation under different weather conditions. Moreover, the cruise data were used to validate the Symphonie model, a 3D primitive equations circulation model. The circulation features displayed by in situ data were well reproduced by Symphonie. A downscaling modelling approach was implemented, the largest scale being obtained by the replay of the MFSTEP regional model of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. 相似文献
66.
Socié Adrien Dubois Frédéric Monerie Yann Perales Frédéric 《Computational Geosciences》2021,25(5):1473-1491
Computational Geosciences - In the context of long-term degradation of porous media, the coupling between fracture mechanics and reactive transport is investigated. A reactive transport model in a... 相似文献
67.
68.
Ecological restoration, cultural preferences and the negotiation of ‘nativeness’ in Australia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The paper addresses cultural assumptions about ‘nativeness’ and ‘belonging’ to place as they are implicated in notions of ‘ecological restoration’. Given the centrality of complex notions of ‘indigeneity’ to the issue of what ecological ‘restoration’ means in Australia, this is a rich area for cultural and historical analysis. Case materials illustrate the negotiated and ambiguous nature of Australian ideas about what ‘belongs’ ecologically and culturally across the broad continent of this relatively young post-Settler nation. We seek to foreground these issues through consideration of what ‘restoring’ nature might mean in the context of debates about native plants, the re-introduction of an iconic species of ground dwelling bird, the removal of cane toads that are demonised as highly ‘alien’, and the multiple ways in which the dingo is regarded ambiguously as both native and a ‘pest’ that needs to be controlled and culled. By showing how ‘restoration’ can be understood and mobilised in a variety of ways – in terms of the ‘re-naturing’, ‘re-valuing’ and/or ‘repatriating’ of indigenous species, as well as impassioned rejection of ‘exotics’ – we emphasise the importance of social science for building a well-grounded sense of how environmental management priorities and approaches are informed by a wider set of cultural assumptions. 相似文献
69.
Earthquake surface rupture is the result of transformation from crustal elastic strain accumulation to permanent tectonic
deformation. The surface rupture zone produced by the 2001 Kunlunshan earthquake (M
w
7.8) on the Kusaihu segment of the Kunlun fault extends over 426 km. It consists of three relatively independent surface rupture
sections: the western strike-slip section, the middle transtensional section and the eastern strike-slip section. Hence this
implies that the Kunlunshan earthquake is composed of three earthquake rupturing events, i.e. the M
w
=6.8, M
w
=6.2 and M
w
⩽=7.8 events, respectively. The M
w
=7.8 earthquake, along the eastern section, is the main shock of the Kunlunshan earthquake, further decomposed into four rupturing
subevents. Field measurements indicate that the width of a single surface break on different sections ranges from several
meters to 15 m, with a maximum value of less than 30 m. The width of the surface rupture zone that consists of en echelon
breaks depends on its geometric structures, especially the stepover width of the secondary surface rupture zones in en echelon,
displaying a basic feature of deformation localization. Consistency between the Quaternary geologic slip rate, the GPS-monitored
strain rate and the localization of the surface ruptures of the 2001 Kunlunshan earthquake may indicate that the tectonic
deformation between the Bayan Har block and Qilian-Qaidam block in the northern Tibetan Plateau is characterized by strike-slip
faulting along the limited width of the Kunlun fault, while the blocks themselves on both sides of the Kunlun fault are characterized
by block motion. The localization of earthquake surface rupture zone is of great significance to determine the width of the
fault-surface-rupture hazard zone, along which direct destruction will be caused by co-seismic surface rupturing along a strike-slip
fault, that should be considered before the major engineering project, residental buildings and life line construction.
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40474037) and the National Basic Research Program
of China (Grant No. 2004CB418401) 相似文献
70.
Jean‐Baptiste Charlier Roger Moussa Pierre‐Yann David Jean‐Franois Desprats 《水文研究》2019,33(17):2337-2354
The aim of this paper is to quantify peakflow attenuation and/or amplification in a river, investigating lateral flow from the intermediate catchment during floods. This is a challenge for the study of the hydrological response of permeable/intermittent streams, and our contribution refers to a modelling framework based on the inverse problem for the diffusive wave model applied in a karst catchment. Knowing the upstream and downstream hydrographs on a reach between two stations, we can model the lateral one, given information on the hydrological processes involved in the intermediate catchment. The model is applied to 33 flood events in the karst reach of the Iton River in French Normandy where peakflow attenuation is observed. The monitored zone consists of a succession of losing and gaining reaches controlled by strong surface‐water/groundwater (SW/GW) interactions. Our results show that despite a high baseflow increase in the reach, peakflow is attenuated. Model application shows that the intensity of lateral outflow for the flood component is linked to upstream discharge. A combination of river loss and overbank flow for highest floods is proposed for explaining the relationships. Our approach differentiates the role of outflow (river loss and overbank flow) and that of wave diffusion on peakflow attenuation. Based on several sets of model parameterization, diffusion is the main attenuation process for most cases, despite high river losses of up to several m3/s (half of peakflow for some parameterization strategies). Finally, this framework gives new insight into the SW/GW interactions during floods in karst basins, and more globally in basins characterized by disconnected river‐aquifer systems. 相似文献