Instability in Lagrangian stochastic trajectory models,and a method for its cure     

Eugene Yee  John D. Wilson 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,122(2):243-261

A number of authors have reported the problem of unrealistic velocities (“rogue trajectories”) when computing the paths of particles in a turbulent flow using modern Lagrangian stochastic (LS) models, and have resorted to ad hoc interventions. We suggest that this problem stems from two causes: (1) unstable modes that are intrinsic to the dynamical system constituted by the generalized Langevin equations, and whose actual triggering (expression) is conditional on the fields of the mean velocity and Reynolds stress tensor and is liable to occur in complex, disturbed flows (which, if computational, will also be imperfect and discontinuous); and, (2) the “stiffness” of the generalized Langevin equations, which implies that the simple stochastic generalization of the Euler scheme usually used to integrate these equations is not sufficient to keep round-off errors under control. These two causes are connected, with the first cause (dynamical instability) exacerbating the second (numerical instability); removing the first cause does not necessarily correct the second, and vice versa. To overcome this problem, we introduce a fractional-step integration scheme that splits the velocity increment into contributions that are linear (U _i ) and nonlinear (U _i U _j ) in the Lagrangian velocity fluctuation vector U, the nonlinear contribution being further split into its diagonal and off-diagonal parts. The linear contribution and the diagonal part of the nonlinear contribution to the solution are computed exactly (analytically) over a finite timestep Δt, allowing any dynamical instabilities in the system to be diagnosed and removed, and circumventing the numerical instability that can potentially result in integrating stiff equations using the commonly applied explicit Euler scheme. We contrast results using this and the primitive Euler integration scheme for computed trajectories in a drastically inhomogeneous urban canopy flow.  相似文献   

Comparison of Wind-tunnel and Water-channel Simulations of Plume Dispersion through a Large Array of Obstacles with a Scaled Field Experiment     

Eugene Yee  Ralph M. Gailis  Alexander Hill  Trevor Hilderman  Darwin Kiel 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,121(3):389-432

We report on measurements of the near-field dispersion of contaminant plumes in a large array of building-like obstacles at three scales; namely, at full-scale in a field experiment, at 1:50 scale in a wind-tunnel simulation, and at 1:205 scale in a water-channel simulation. Plume concentration statistics extracted from the physical modelling in the wind-tunnel and water-channel simulations are compared to those obtained from a field experiment. The modification of the detailed structure of the plume as it interacts with the obstacles is investigated. To this purpose, measurements of the evolution of the mean concentration, concentration fluctuation intensity, concentration probability density function, and integral time scale of concentration fluctuations in the array plume obtained from the field experiment and the scaled wind-tunnel and water-channel experiments are reported and compared, as well as measurements of upwind and within-array velocity spectra. Generally, the wind-tunnel and water-channel results on the modification of the detailed plume structure by the obstacles were qualitatively similar to those observed in the field experiments. However, with the appropriate scaling, the water-channel simulations were able to reproduce quantitatively the results of the full-scale field experiments better than the wind-tunnel simulations.  相似文献   

支撑向量机及其遥感影像空间特征提取和分类的应用研究   总被引：38，自引：3，他引：38  

骆剑承  周成虎  梁怡  马江洪 《遥感学报》2002,6(1):50-55

提出了基于支撑向量机（SVM）的遥感影像空间特征提取的新方法，并以SPOT全色波段影像上城市特征信息的提取为应用实例，并与人工神经网络（ANN）等特征提取方法进行综合比较，认为SVM方法不但能够获得比较高的分类精度，而且在学习速度、自适应能力、特征空间高维不限制、可表达性等方面具有优势。  相似文献   

Influence of soil aggregation on slope stability in the Oregon Coast Ranges     

Carlton S. Yee  R. Dennis Harr 《Environmental Geology》1977,1(6):367-377

Two major cohesionless soil series of the central Coast Ranges of Oregon were examined for soil and hydrologic properties. Although derived from different parent material, the Bohannon and Klickitat series exhibited nearly identical values of soil and hydrologic properties. Aggregation in both soils was found to be the most important property, for it influences shear strength and subsurface water movement, prime components of slope stability. The unusually high angle of internal friction of both cohesionless soils was 40° to 41°. The angle of internal friction was affected significantly by the mode of wetting. Subsurface water movement was predominantly by unsaturated flow. The influence of soil aggregation on pore-size distribution and arrangement created conditions where unsaturated flow was an effective means for water dispersal in both soils during most observed storm events. Considering the large area covered by these two soil series, aggregation appears to be an important slope-stability property with regional significance.  相似文献   

Recurrence statistics of concentration fluctuations in plumes within a near-neutral atmospheric surface layer     

Eugene Yee  P. R. Kosteniuk  G. M. Chandler  C. A. Biltoft  J. F. Bowers 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1993,66(1-2):127-153

This study examines the statistical properties of the concentration derivative, , for a dispersing plume in a near-neutrally stratified atmospheric surface layer. Towards this goal, the probability density function (pdf) of , and the conditional pdf of given a fixed concentration level, , have been measured. These pdfs are found to be modeled well by a generalizedq-Gaussian (gqG) distribution with intermittency exponent,q, equal to 0.3 and 3/4, respectively. These results highlight the strong intermittency effect (patchiness) of the small-scale concentration eddy structures in the plume. The distribution of time intervals between successive high peaks in the squared derivative process, x², is found to be well approximated by a power-law distribution, implying that occurrences of these high peaks are much more clustered than would be predicted by a Poisson or shot-noise process. The results are used to improve models for the joint pdf of and , and for the expected number of upcrossings per unit time interval of a fixed concentration level that have been proposed by Kristensenet al. (1989). The predictions of the improved models are in accord with observations, and suggest that the intercorrelation between and must be explicitly incorporated if good estimates of the upcrossing intensity are to be obtained.  相似文献   

Control of seismic and operational vibrations of rotating machines using semi-active mounts     

R.Rana T.T.Soong 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2004,3(1):85-100

A dual isolation problem for rotating machines consists of isolation of housing structures from the machinevi brations and protection of machines during an earthquake to maintain their functionality. Desirable characteristics of machine mounts for the above two purposes can differ significantly due to difference in nature of the excitation and performance criteria in the two situations. In this paper, relevant response quantities are identified that may be used to quantify performance and simplified models of rotating machines are presented using which these relevant response quantities may be calculated. Using random vibration approach with a stationary excitation, it is shown that significant improvement in seismic performance is achievable by proper mount design. Results of shaking table experiments performed with a realistic setup using a centrifugal pump are presented. It is concluded that a solution to this dual isolation problem lies in a semi-active mount capable of switching its properties from ‘operation-optimum’ to ‘seismic-optimum’ at the onset of a seismic event.  相似文献   

A comparative analysis of β-mannanases of bacteria from Antarctica and Malaysia     

Clemente Michael  Vui Ling  Wong  Heng Keat  Tam Hui  Yee Yong 《极地研究(英文版)》2013,(4):202-207

β-mannanase is an enzyme that is commonly expressed in environmental bacteria. It degrades hemicellulose found in plant material and recycles nutrients back into the environment. Because this enzyme significantly contributes to biodegradation and has recently been applied in industry, we conducted a comparative analysis of bacterial isolates found in soil samples from Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica, and Sabah, Malaysia that were capable of degrading mannan. A total of 9 bacterial isolates from Antarctica and 30 bacterial isolates from Malaysia exhibited β-mannanase activity. These bacteria were differentiated and clustered using their random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） profiles, and the β-mannanase activity of these isolates was tested at different temperatures and pH. Five out of 9 Antarctica isolates and seven out of 30 Malaysian isolates were identified based on their 16S rDNA sequences. Identified bacterial isolates from Antarctica were： MP1 （Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）, MP2 （Bacillus pumilus）, MP5 （Bacilluspumilus）, A40 （Arthrobacter sp.）, and C27 （Arthrobacter oxydans）. Identified bacterial isolates from Ma- laysia were： Y1 （Paenibacillus sp.）, Y2 （Bacillus sp.）, Y16 （Paenibacillus sp.）, Y18 （Paenibacillus sp.）, A7 （Paenibacillus sp.）, B26 （Streptomyces sp.）, and D4 （Paenibacillus amylolyticus）. β-mannanases produced by the Antarctica bacterial isolates MP1 （Bacillus amyloliquefaciens） and A40 （Arthrobacter sp.） were active at 5℃ and 20℃, respectively, while the β-mannanase pro- duced by the bacterial isolate from Malaysia, A7 （Paenibacillus sp.）, was active at 35 ℃.  相似文献   

Collar performance in bridge pier scour with debris accumulation     

Hossein Hamidifar  Seyed Mohammad Bagher Shahabi-Haghighi  Yee Meng Chiew 《国际泥沙研究》2022,37(3):328-334

The mechanism of bridge pier scour becomes more complex in the presence of debris accumulation upstream of the pier. While using countermeasures may be effective in reducing scour, their efficacy could be undermined in such a situation. The current study investigates the effectiveness of using a collar in the presence of different types of floating debris accumulation in reducing scour around a cylindrical bridge pier with non-cohesive bed sediment. The experimental results reveal that using a c...  相似文献   

Numerical modelling of the turbulent flow developing within and over a 3-d building array,part ii: a mathematical foundation for a distributed drag force approach   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Fue-sang Lien  Eugene Yee  John D. Wilson 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,114(2):245-285

In this paper, we lay the foundations of a systematic mathematical formulation for the governing equations for flow through an urban canopy (e.g., coarse-scaled building array) where the effects of the unresolved obstacles on the flow are represented through a distributed mean-momentum sink. This, in turn, implies additional corresponding terms in the transport equations for the turbulence quantities. More specifically, a modified k-- model is derived for the simulation of the mean wind speed and turbulence for a neutrally stratified flow through and over a building array, where groups of buildings in the array are aggregated and treated as a porous medium. This model is based on time averaging the spatially averaged Navier--Stokes equations, in which the effects of the obstacle--atmosphere interaction are included through the introduction of a volumetric momentum sink (representing drag on the unresolved buildings in the array).The k-- turbulence closure model requires two additional prognostic equations, namely one for the time-averaged resolved-scale kinetic energy of turbulence,, and another for the dissipation rate, , of . The transport equation for is derived directly from the transport equation for the spatially averaged velocity, and explicitly includes additional sources and sinks that arise from time averaging the product of the spatially averaged velocity fluctuations and the distributed drag force fluctuations. We show how these additional source/sink terms in the transport equation for can be obtained in a self-consistent manner from a parameterization of the sink term in the spatially averaged momentum equation. Towards this objective, the time-averaged product of the spatially averaged velocity fluctuations and the distributed drag force fluctuations can be approximated systematically using a Taylor series expansion. A high-order approximation is derived to represent this source/sink term in the transport equation for . The dissipation rate () equation is simply obtained as a dimensionally consistent analogue of the equation. The relationship between the proposed mathematical formulation of the equations for turbulent flow within an urban canopy (where the latter is treated as a porous medium) and an earlier heuristic two-band spectral decomposition for parameterizing turbulence in a plant canopy is explored in detail.  相似文献   

An elliptical basis function network for classification of remote sensing images     

Jian-Cheng?LuoEmail author  Yee?Leung  Jiang?Zheng  Jiang-Hong?Ma 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2004,6(3):219-236

An elliptical basis function (EBF) network is employed in this study for the classification of remotely sensed images. Though similar in structure, the EBF network differs from the well-known radial basis function (RBF) network by incorporating full covariance matrices and employing the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the basis functions. Since remotely sensed data often take on mixture-density distributions in the feature space, the network not only possesses the advantage of the RBF mechanism, but also utilizes the EM algorithm to compute the maximum likelihood estimates of the mean vectors and covariance matrices of a Gaussian mixture distribution in the training phase. Experimental results show that the EM-based EBF network is more effective in training and simpler in structure than an RBF network constructed for the same task.The research was supported by grant 40101021 from the Natural Science Foundation of China, and grant 2002AA135230 from Hi-Tech research and development program of China. The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their valuable comments.  相似文献