Long-term variability in mesopause region temperatures over Fort Collins, Colorado (41°N, 105°W) based on lidar observations from 1990 through 2007     

Chiao-Yao She  David A. Krueger  Rashid Akmaev  Hauke Schmidt  Elsayed Talaat  Sam Yee 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2009,71(14-15):1558-1564

During 1990–2007, there were 894 lidar observations of nocturnal mesopause region temperatures over Fort Collins, Colorado. In an earlier analysis with data to April 1997, an unexpected episodic warming, peaking in 1993 with a maximum value over 10 K, was reported and attributed to the Mount Pinatubo eruption in June 1991. With all data, long-term temperature trends from a 7-parameter linear regression analysis including solar cycle effect and long-term trends leads to a cooling of as much as 6.8 K/decade at 100 km, consistent with some reported observations but larger than model predictions. Including the observed episodic warming response in an 11-parameter nonlinear regression analysis reduces the maximum long-term cooling trends to 1.5 K/decade at 91 km, with magnitude and altitude dependences consistent with the prediction of two models, Spectral Mesosphere/Lower Thermosphere Model (SMLTM) and Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere (HAMMONIA). In addition, the mid-latitude middle-atmospheric response to solar flux variability in Thermosphere–Ionosphere-Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED)/Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) temperatures is presented.  相似文献   

Probabilistic Model for Concentration Fluctuations in Compact-Source Plumes in an Urban Environment     

Eugene Yee  Bing-Chen Wang  Fue-Sang Lien 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,130(2):169-208

A comprehensive model for the prediction of concentration fluctuations in plumes dispersing in the complex and highly disturbed wind flows in an urban environment is formulated. The mean flow and turbulence fields in the urban area are obtained using a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) flow model, while the standard k-ϵ turbulence model (k is the turbulence kinetic energy and ϵ is the viscous dissipation rate) is used to close the model. The RANS model provides a specification of the velocity statistics of the highly disturbed wind flow in the urban area, required for the solution of the transport equations for the mean concentration and concentration variance (both of which are formulated in the Eulerian framework). A physically-based formulation for the scalar dissipation time scale t _d , required for the closure of the transport equation for , is presented. This formulation relates t _d to an inner time scale corresponding to “internal” concentration fluctuation associated with relative dispersion, rather than an outer time scale associated with the entire portion of the fluctuation spectrum. The two lowest-order moments of concentration ( and ) are used to determine the parameters of a pre-chosen functional form for the concentration probability density function (clipped-gamma distribution). Results of detailed comparisons between a water-channel experiment of flow and dispersion in an idealized obstacle array and the model predictions for mean flow, turbulence kinetic energy, mean concentration, concentration variance, and concentration probability density function are presented.  相似文献   

A general framework for error analysis in measurement-based GIS Part 1: The basic measurement-error model and related concepts   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

Yee?LeungEmail author  Jiang-Hong?Ma  Michael F.?Goodchild 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2004,6(4):325-354

This is the first of a four-part series of papers which proposes a general framework for error analysis in measurement-based geographical information systems (MBGIS). The purpose of the series is to investigate the fundamental issues involved in measurement error (ME) analysis in MBGIS, and to provide a unified and effective treatment of errors and their propagation in various interrelated GIS and spatial operations. Part 1 deals with the formulation of the basic ME model together with the law of error propagation. Part 2 investigates the classic point-in-polygon problem under ME. Continuing to Part 3 is the analysis of ME in intersections and polygon overlays. In Part 4, error analyses in length and area measurements are made. In this present part, a simple but general model for ME in MBGIS is introduced. An approximate law of error propagation is then formulated. A simple, unified, and effective treatment of error bands for a line segment is made under the name of covariance-based error band. A new concept, called maximal allowable limit, which guarantees invariance in topology or geometric-property of a polygon under ME is also advanced. To handle errors in indirect measurements, a geodetic model for MBGIS is proposed and its error propagation problem is studied on the basis of the basic ME model as well as the approximate law of error propagation. Simulation experiments all substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical construct.This project was supported by the earmarked grant CUHK 4362/00H of the Hong Kong Research grants Council.  相似文献   

A general framework for error analysis in measurement-based GIS Part 4: Error analysis in length and area measurements   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Yee?LeungEmail author  Jiang-Hong?Ma  Michael F.?Goodchild 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2004,6(4):403-428

This is the final of a series of four papers on the development of a general framework for error analysis in measurement-based geographic information systems (MBGIS). In this paper, we discuss the error analysis problems in length and area measurements under measurement error (ME) of the defining points. In line with the basic ME model constructed in Part 1 of this series, we formulate the ME models for length and area measurements. For length measurement and perimeter measurement, the approximate laws of error propagation are derived. For area measurement, the exact laws of error propagation are obtained under various conditions. An important result is that area measurement is distributed as a linear combination of independent non-central chi-square variables when the joint ME vectors of vertices coordinates are normal. In addition, we also give a necessary and sufficient condition under which the area measurement estimator is unbiased. As a comparison, the approximate law of error propagation in area measurement is also considered and its approximation is substantiated by numerical experiments.This project was supported by the earmarked grant CUHK 4362/00H of the Hong Kong Research grant Council.  相似文献   

Modelling for registration of remotely sensed imagery when reference control points contain error     

Leung Yee 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,49(7):739-746

1 Introduction The process of remotely sensed data acquisition isaffected by factors such as the rotation of the earth, finite scan rate of some sensors, curvature of the earth, non-ideal sensor, variation in platform altitude, attitude, velocity, etc.[1]. One important procedurewhich should be done prior to analyzing remotely sensed data, is geometric correction (image to map) or registration (image to image) of remotely sensed data. The purpose of geometric correction or registration is to e…  相似文献   

Numerical modelling of the turbulent flow developing within and over a 3-d building array,part iii: a istributed drag force approach,its implementation and application     

Fue-sang Lien  Eugene Yee 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,114(2):287-313

A modified k- model is used for the simulation of the mean wind speed and turbulence for a neutrally-stratified flow through and over a building array, where the array is treated as a porous medium with the drag on the unresolved buildings in the array represented by a distributed momentum sink. More specifically, this model is based on time averaging the spatially averaged Navier–Stokes equation, in which the effects of the obstacle-atmosphere interaction are included through the introduction of a distributed mean-momentum sink (representing drag on the unresolved buildings in the array). In addition, closure of the time-averaged, spatially averaged Navier–Stokes equation requires two additional prognostic equations, namely one for the time-averaged resolved-scale kinetic energy of turbulence,, and another for its dissipation rate, . The performance of the proposed model and some simplified versions derived from it is compared with the spatially averaged, time-mean velocity and various spatially averaged Reynolds stresses diagnosed from a high-resolution computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the flow within and over an aligned array of sharp-edged cubes with a plan area density of 0.25. Four different methods for diagnosis of the drag coefficient C_Dfor the aligned cube array, required for the volumetric drag force representation of the cubes, are investigated here. We found that the model predictions for mean wind speed and turbulence in the building array were not sensitive to the differing treatments of the source and sink terms in the and equations (e.g., inclusion of only the `zeroth-order' approximation for the source/sink terms compared with inclusion of a higher-order approximation for the source/sink terms in the and equations), implying that the higher-order approximations of these source/sink terms did not offer any predictive advantage. A possible explanation for this is the utilization of the Boussinesq linear stress–strain constitutive relation within the k– modelling framework, whose implicit omission of any anisotropic eddy-viscosity effects renders it incapable of predicting any strong anisotropy of the turbulence field that might exist in the building array.  相似文献   

Water temperature records from corals near the nuclear power plant in southern Taiwan     

陈镇东  王冰洁  汪中和  宋克义 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2001,44(4):356-362

Coral samples collected at the outlet and the inlet of the Third Nuclear Power Plant were measured for the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C, indicating the surrounding seawater temperature and physiological/biochemical reactions during coral skeletal growth. The results show that with higher seawater temperature in summer, the values of δ¹⁸O are lower but those for δ¹³C are higher; however, the δ¹⁸O extremes lag six weeks behind the δ¹³C extremes because the highest water temperature lags the maximum number of sunshine hours. Records of the extreme high temperature observed in the northern South China Sea between Oct. 1987 and Sep. 1988, and the extraordinary low temperature from Oct. 1992 to Feb. 1993 are also preserved in the coralline isotope signals. However, when the water temperature becomes too high the coral growth seems to stop.  相似文献   

Improved treatments for evaluating horizontal magnetic components through the 3-D FDM in E-polarization induction problems     

陈伯舫 《地震学报(英文版)》2002,15(5)

Introduction The algorithm of the finite difference method (FDM) for solving the 3-D induction problem used by CHEN (1985) is based on the concept suggested by Brewitt-Taylor and Weaver (1976), which assumes the conductivity to be a smoothly-varying function of position. After the comparisons between many model calculations carried out by the author and other methods showed that the vertical components estimated by our method are acceptable in general cases. However, the reliability of the…  相似文献   

遥感图像最大似然分类方法的EM改进算法   总被引：35，自引：1，他引：35  

骆剑承  王钦敏  马江洪  周成虎  梁怡 《测绘学报》2002,31(3):234-239

基于参数化密度分布模型的最大似然方法（MLC）是遥感影像分类最常用手段之一，与其他非参数方法（如神经网络）相比较，它具有清晰的参数解释能力、易于与先验知识融合和算法简单而易于实施等优点。但是由于遥感信息的统计分布具有高度的复杂性和随机性，当特征空间中类别的分布比较离散而导致不能服从预先假设的分布，或者样本的选取不具有代表性，往往得到的分类结果会偏离实际情况。首先介绍了用基于有限混合密度理论的期望最大（EM）算法来作为最大似然函数（MLC）参数估计的方法－EM－MLC。该模型首先假设总体混合密度分布可被分解为有限个参数化的高斯密度分布，然后把具有先验知识的样本与随机选取的未知样本混合在一起，通过EM迭代计算来估计出各密度分布的最大似然函数的参数集，从而一定程度上避免了参数估计可能出现的偏离。最后，本文提出了基于EM－MLC遥感影像分类的具体实施流程和应用示范，并与一般最大似然方法（MLC）得到的分类结果进行了定性和定量的综合比较，认为EM－MLC在精度上得到了提高。  相似文献   

Analysing regional industrialisation in Jiangsu province using geographically weighted regression   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Yefang Huang  Yee Leung 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2002,4(2):233-249

 Industry is the most important sector in the Chinese economy. To identify the spatial interaction between the level of regional industrialisation and various factors, this paper takes Jiangsu province of China as a case study. To unravel the existence of spatial nonstationarity, geographically weighted regression (GWR) is employed in this article. Conventional regression analysis can only produce `average' and `global' parameter estimates rather than `local' parameter estimates which vary over space in some spatial systems. Geographically weighted regression (GWR), on the other hand, is a relatively simple, but useful new technique for the analysis of spatial nonstationarity. Using the GWR technique to study regional industrialisation in Jiangsu province, it is found that there is a significant difference between the ordinary linear regression (OLR) and GWR models. The relationships between the level of regional industrialisation and various factors show considerable spatial variability. Received: 4 April 2001 / Accepted: 17 November 2001  相似文献