Deposition rates of polysilicic acid with up to 10 M calcium ions     

Taiji Chida  Yuichi Niibori  Osamu Tochiyama  Hitoshi Mimura  Koichi Tanaka 《Applied Geochemistry》2007,22(12):2810-2816

Cementitious materials used for radioactive waste repository construction complicate the performance assessment of radioactive waste systems because the use of cement may greatly alter the pH (8–13) of groundwater and release constituents such as calcium ions. Under such conditions, it is important to clarify also the dynamic behavior of silica (silicic acid), in order to evaluate the alteration in the chemical and physical properties of the fractured layer or the host rock surrounding the repository. Since silica undergoes polymerization, precipitation or dissolution depending on the pH and/or temperature, the behavior of silica would be greatly complicated in the presence of other ions. This study is focused on the deposition rates of polysilicic acid and soluble silicic acid with up to 10⁻³ M Ca ions. In the experiment, Na₂SiO₃ solution (250 mL, pH > 10, 298 K) was poured into a polyethylene vessel containing amorphous silica powder (0.5 g), and a buffer solution, HNO₃, and CaNO₃ as Ca ions were sequentially added into the vessel. The pH of the solution was set to 8. The silica, initially in a soluble form at pH > 10 (1.4 × 10⁻² M), became supersaturated and either deposited on the solid surface or changed into the polymeric form. Then the concentrations of both poly- and soluble silicic acid were monitored over a 40-day period. The decrease of polysilicic acid became slow with an increase in the concentration of Ca ions in the range of up to 10⁻³ M. In general, the addition of electrolytes to a supersaturated solution accelerates the aggregation and precipitation of polymeric species. However, the experimental result showed that polysilicic acid in the presence of Ca ions is apparently stable in solution, compared with that under a Ca-free condition. On the other hand, the concentration of soluble silicic acid in the presence of Ca ions immediately became metastable, that is, slightly higher than the solubility of soluble silicic acid. Its dynamic behavior was similar to that in the Ca-free condition.  相似文献   

Fluid infiltration associated with seismic faulting: Examining chemical and mineralogical compositions of fault rocks from the active Chelungpu fault   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Wei-min Donald Chen  Hidemi Tanaka  Hui-jen Huang  Chung-bin Lu  Chy-yu Lee  Chien-ying Wang 《Tectonophysics》2007,443(3-4):243

In order to understand the fault zone architecture and mechanisms that caused the Chi-Chi earthquake, the Chelungpu drilling project was conducted during April 2000 through a collaborative project between Japan and Taiwan. In this study, chemical and mineralogical variations within the overall Chelungpu fault zone, including variations between less damaged host rocks, damaged zones, and fault cores caused by the Chi-Chi earthquake were examined. Slopes of TiO₂ immobile isocons were consistently > 1 for analyses comparing host rocks with rocks from damaged zones or with gouges from fault cores, indicating that volume loss occurred in damaged zones and the fault cores. These results strongly imply that pervasive fluid infiltration occurred within the fault zone. Volume loss within the damaged zone and fault core is interpreted to result from a two-stage process involving: (i) coseismic mechanical wearing and/or dissolution in the fault core, and (ii) fluid infiltration within the fault zone during postseismic and interseismic periods along cracks caused by seismic failure. Semi-quantitative XRD analysis indicates that the kaolinite content consistently increases from the less damaged host rocks to the damaged zone and gouges in each fault core. Mineralogic changes indicate that pervasive acidic fluid infiltration occurred within the fault zones and reacted with the feldspars or muscovite to form kaolinite. Enrichment of kaolinite and illite found in the fault zones of southern drilling site could play some role on the slipping behavior of the southern part of the Chelungpu fault. Greater volume loss in the fault core may have resulted from moderate permeability, combined with the very fine grain nature of pulverized material in the fault core, which enhanced chemical reactions including transformation of feldspars and muscovite to clay minerals. The study results indicate that pervasive fluid infiltration occurred and changed the mineralogical and chemical architecture of fault zones caused by the cyclic earthquakes.  相似文献   

Application of data assimilation in portable operational forecasting systems—the DATools assimilation environment   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

Ghada Y. El Serafy  Herman Gerritsen  Stef Hummel  Albrecht H. Weerts  Arthur E. Mynett  Masahiro Tanaka 《Ocean Dynamics》2007,57(4-5):485-499

  相似文献   

西藏不同退化高寒草地土壤酶的活性   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

彭岳林  钱成  蔡晓布  张永青  薛会英 《山地学报》2007,25(3):344-350

对退化高寒草原土壤酶活性研究的结果表明:1)相对于正常草地,轻度退化草地土壤纤维素酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均呈不同程度的提高;中度退化草地土壤纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶活性亦呈同一趋势,仅土壤脲酶活性显著降低;严重退化草地中3种土壤酶活性则均呈显著降低。2)不同土壤酶活性对土壤环境变化的敏感性总体呈碱性磷酸酶活性>脲酶活性>纤维素酶活性;土壤酶活性大小则均呈脲酶活性>碱性磷酸酶活性>纤维素酶活性。3)不同土壤酶活性与土壤有机碳均呈极显著正相关(r值为0.728 8~0.980 8,p≤0.01),与土壤全氮、有效氮、有效钾亦呈不同程度的正相关,与土壤有效磷含量则均呈显著或极显著负相关;土壤pH对土壤脲酶活性具有显著影响,对纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶活性的影响则不甚明显。4)西藏高原高寒、干旱条件下,中度,特别是轻度退化草地一定程度的沙化所导致的土壤通透性能的显著改善对提高土壤酶活性,进而促进土壤有机残体的分解和有机质的形成具有重要作用。5)土壤酶活性不仅可以反映不同程度退化高寒草原土壤肥力水平的差异,同时亦可作为评价草地土壤肥力的一个基本指标。  相似文献   

In situ hydraulic tests in the active fault survey tunnel, Kamioka Mine, excavated through the active Mozumi-Sukenobu Fault zone and their hydrogeological significance     

Tsuyoshi  Nohara  Hidemi  Tanaka  Kunio  Watanabe  Noboru  Furukawa  Akira  Takami 《Island Arc》2006,15(4):537-545

Abstract   The spatial hydrogeological and structural character of the active Mozumi-Sukenobu Fault (MSF) was investigated along a survey tunnel excavated through the MSF in the Kamioka Mine, central Japan. Major groundwater conduits on both sides of the MSF are recognized. One is considered to be a subvertical conduit between the tunnel and the surface, and the other is estimated to be a major reservoir of old meteoric water alongside the MSF. Our studies indicate that part of the MSF is a sub-vertical continuous barrier that obstructs younger meteoric water observed in the south-eastern part of the Active Fault Survey Tunnel (AFST) and water recharge to the rock mass intersected by the north-western part of the AFST. The MSF might be a continuous barrier resulting in the storage of a large quantity of older groundwater to the northwest. The observations and results of in situ hydraulic tests indicate that the major reservoir is not the fault breccia associated with the northeast–southwest trending faults of the MSF, but the zone in which blocks of fractured rocks occur beside high angle faults corresponding to X shears whose tectonic stress field coincides with the present regional stress field and antithetic Riedel shears of the MSF. The results from borehole investigations in the AFST indicate that secondary porosity is developed in the major reservoir due to the destruction of filling minerals and fracture development beside these shears. The increase in hydraulic conductivity is not directly related to increased density of fractures around the MSF. Development of secondary porosity could cause the increase in hydraulic conductivity around the MSF. Our results suggest that minor conduits of the fracture network are sporadically distributed in the sedimentary rocks around the MSF in the AFST.  相似文献   

川西北高原的地貌垂直地带性与寒冻夷平面   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张信宝  吴积善  汪阳春  贺秀斌  齐永青 《山地学报》2006,24(5):607-611

川西北高原地貌垂直地带性明显：流水地貌带,＜3 800 m；冰缘地貌带,3800～4200 m；冰川地貌带,＞4200 m；相应的主导地貌过程分别是流水侵蚀,冻融侵蚀和冰川侵蚀。本文提出了高原面形成的寒冻夷平机制,并认为川西北高原是大面积构造隆升背景下形成的寒冻夷平地貌。花岗岩和石灰岩等结晶岩抗寒冻风化能力强,形成了冰川发育的高山；三叠系砂板岩,抗寒冻风化能力差,形成了融冻土流发育的丘状起伏的高原面。此外,还延伸联想到青藏高原夷平面和高原隆升的一些科学问题,如冻融侵蚀在高原地貌形成和演化中的作用,地面隆升幅度与地壳构造上升幅度,高原面高度的区域差异和大冰盖问题等。  相似文献   

建立卫星云图数据库及WEB应用开发     

俞永庆 《高原山地气象研究》2006,26(1)

本文介绍利用ASP.NET技术,开发基于网络数据库和WEB应用的卫星云图数据存储、查询、管理系统的思路和方法.  相似文献   

峡东震旦系层型剖面沉积相研究   总被引：15，自引：2，他引：15  

柳永请尹崇玉  高林志王自强 《地质论评》2003,49(2):187-194

峡东震旦系为缓坡型台地碳酸盐岩沉积序列。陡山沱组从下至上发育内缓坡相的潮上带－潮间带含膏盐塞卜哈、环潮坪碳酸盐岩和陆源碎屑岩混积以及中外缓坡相潮间带－潮下带和盆地相沉积。灯影组发育内缓坡相带内的各种沉积亚微相序列，沉积亚微相型复杂多样，为碳酸盐海滩沉积，垂向序列上发育“对偶砂滩坝”微相，即下部蛤蟆井段为潮间下－潮下碳酸盐鲕滩，中下部石板滩段为向上变浅、变细的滩后潮间泻湖沉积，中上部白马坨段为滨岸带碳酸盐砂滩坝与环潮坪沉积。碳酸盐岩地球化学研究表明，Mn/Sr比值比浅滩相（2.0到0.1-0.5)，内缓坡塞卜哈（1.0)至滩后（0.4-0.8)和中外缓坡（0.1-0.5)具有双峰式分布特点。δ^18O、δ^13C和稀土元素组成分析表明，白云岩以准同生成因为主。潮间带以下的微相稀土总量最为丰富，近岸的浅滩、潮汐流域滩和滩后泻湖等最低，变浅、暴露以及干燥蒸发微相中普遍表现Eu的亏损，随着环境由深到浅的微旋回变化表现着δCe的明显减少和δEu的相对减低。  相似文献   

天山南侧第三系遗迹化石新发现     

张永忠张建平  金小赤柳永清 《地质通报》2004,23(11):1157-1159

遗迹化石研究具有多方面的意义，而对沉积环境的解释是其中重要的方面。在天山南侧的诸多新生界剖面上首次发现了大量遗迹化石，为地层界面的认识和进一步分析当时的生物面貌、沉积环境提供了重要的证据。发现了3个遗迹化石相，即Scoyenia(斯柯茵迹)遗迹相、Skolithos(石针迹)遗迹相Glossifungites(舌菌迹)遗迹相，共计有10余个遗迹化石属，这在以陆相为主的地层中是不多见的。另外，在一些剖面上还发现了大量哺乳类足迹化石，对确定当时生物群的面貌和生态环境具积极意义。  相似文献   

Fracture-zone conditions on a recently active fault: insights from mineralogical and geochemical analyses of the Hirabayashi NIED drill core on the Nojima fault, southwest Japan, which ruptured in the 1995 Kobe earthquake     

Tatsuo Matsuda  Kentaro Omura  Ryuji Ikeda  Takashi Arai  Kenta Kobayashi  Koji Shimada  Hidemi Tanaka  Tomoaki Tomita  Satoshi Hirano   《Tectonophysics》2004,378(3-4):143

An 1800-m-deep borehole into the Nojima fault zone was drilled at Nojima-Hirabayashi, Japan, after the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake. Three possible fracture zones were detected at depths of about 1140, 1300, and 1800 m. To assess these fracture zones in this recently active fault, we analyzed the distributions of fault rocks, minerals, and chemical elements in these zones. The central fault plane in the shallowest fracture zone was identified by foliated blue-gray gouge at a depth of 1140 m. The degree of fracturing was evidently greater in the hanging wall than in the footwall. Minerals detected in this zone were quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, and biotite, as in the parent rock (granodiorite), and also kaolinite, smectite, laumontite, stilbite, calcite, ankerite, and siderite, which are related to hydrothermal alteration. Biotite was absent in both the hanging wall and footwall across the central fault plane, but it was absent over a greater distance from the central fault plane in the hanging wall than in the footwall. Major element compositions across this zone suggested that hydrothermal alteration minerals such as kaolinite and smectite occurred across the central fault plane for a greater distance in the hanging wall than in the footwall. Similarly, H₂O+ and CO₂ had higher concentrations in the hanging wall than in the footwall. This asymmetrical distribution pattern is probably due to the greater degree of wall–rock fracturing and associated alteration in the hanging wall. We attributed the characteristics of this zone to fault activity and fluid–rock interactions. We analyzed the other fracture zones along this fault in the same way. In the fracture zone at about 1300 m depth, we detected the same kinds of hydrothermal alteration minerals as in the shallower zone, but they were in fewer samples. We detected relatively little H₂O+ and CO₂, and little evidence for movement of the major chemical elements, indicating little past fluid–rock interaction. In the fracture zone at about 1800 m depth, H₂O+ and CO₂ were very enriched throughout the interval, as in the fracture zone at about 1140 m depth. However, smectite was absent and chlorite was present, indicating the occurrence of chloritization, which requires a temperature of more than 200 °C. Only smectite can form under the present conditions in these fracture zones. The chloritization probably occurred in the past when the fracture zone was deeper than it is now. These observations suggest that among the three fracture zones, that at about 1140 m depth was the most activated at the time of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake.  相似文献