Defining hydrochemical evolution of streamflow through flowpath dynamics in Kawakami headwater catchment,Central Japan     

Kasdi Subagyono  Tadashi Tanaka  Yohei Hamada  Maki Tsujimura 《水文研究》2005,19(10):1939-1965

The hydrochemical behaviour of catchments is often investigated by inferring stream chemistry through identification of source areas involved in hydrograph separation analysis, yet its dynamic evolution of hydrologic pathways has received little attention. Intensive hydrometric and hydrochemical measurements were performed during two different storms on March 29, 2001 and August 21–22, 2001 to define hydrochemical evolution under the dynamic of flow pathways in a 5·2 ha first‐order drainage of the Kawakami experimental basin (KEB), Central Japan, a forested headwater catchment with various soil depths (1·8 to 5 m) overlying late Neogene of volcanic bedrocks. The hydraulic potential distribution and flow lines data showed that the change in flow direction, which was controlled by rainfall amount and antecedent wetness of the soil profile, agreed well with the hydrochemical change across the slope segment during the storm. Hydrograph separation predicted by end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA) using Ca²⁺ and SiO₂ showed that near surface riparian, hillslope soil water and deep riparian groundwater were important in stream flow generation. The evidence of decrease in solutes concentration at a depth of 1 m in the hillslope and 0·6 m in the near surface riparian during peak storm suggested a flushing of high solutes concentration. Most of the solutes accumulated in the deep riparian groundwater zone, which was due to prominent downward flow and agreed well with the residence time. The distinct flow pathways and chemistry between the near surface riparian and deep riparian groundwater zones and the linkage hillslope aquifer and near surface riparian reservoir, which controls rapid flow and solutes flushing during the storm event, are in conflict with the typical assumption that the whole riparian zone resets flow pathways and chemical signature of hillslope soil water, as has been reported in a previous study. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Deep sea circulation of particulate organic carbon in the Japan Sea     

Shigeyoshi Otosaka  Takayuki Tanaka  Orihiko Togawa  Hikaru Amano  Eugeny V. Karasev  Masayuki Minakawa  Shinichiro Noriki 《Journal of Oceanography》2008,64(6):911-923

Seasonal and spatial variations of particulate organic carbon (POC) flux were observed with sediment traps at three sites in the Japan Sea (western and eastern Japan Basin and Yamato Basin). In order to investigate the transport processes of POC, radiocarbon (¹⁴C) measurements were also carried out. Annual mean POC flux at 1 km depth was 30.7 mg m⁻²day⁻¹ in the western Japan Basin, 12.0 mg m⁻²day⁻¹ in the eastern Japan Basin and 23.8 mg m⁻²day⁻¹ in the Yamato Basin. At all stations, notably higher POC flux was observed in spring (March–May), indicating biological production and rapid sinking of POC in this season. Sinking POC in the high flux season showed modern Δ¹⁴C values (>0‰) and aged POC (Δ¹⁴C < −40‰) was observed in winter (December–January). The Δ¹⁴C values in sinking POC were negatively correlated with aluminum concentration, indicating that Δ¹⁴C is strongly related to the lateral supply of lithogenic materials. The Δ¹⁴C values also showed correlations with excess manganese (Mn_xs) concentrations in sinking particles. The Δ¹⁴C-Mn_xs relationship suggested that (1) the majority of the aged POC was advected by bottom currents and incorporated into sinking particles, and (2) some of the aged POC might be supplied from the sea surface at the trap site as part of terrestrial POC. From the difference in the Δ¹⁴C-Mn_xs relationships between the Japan Basin and the Yamato Basin, we consider that basin-scale transport processes of POC occur in the Japan Sea.  相似文献   

A deficit of faint red galaxies in the possible large-scale structures around the RDCS J1252.9−2927 cluster at z= 1.24     

Masayuki Tanaka  Tadayuki Kodama  Masaru Kajisawa  Richard Bower  Ricardo Demarco  Alexis Finoguenov  Chris Lidman  Piero Rosati 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,377(3):1206-1214

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Cyclic behavior of soils and numerical analyses in cold regions and seismic zones     

Tadatsugu Tanaka 《寒旱区科学》2015,7(5):492-502

The solutions of boundary value problems involving strain-softening material property contain serious difficulties from both modeling of strain-localization and a viewpoint of numerical procedure. Mesh size-dependent hardening modulus is considered to alleviate the mesh size-dependency of the solution. The elasto-plastic soil model with kinematic hardening model considering the cumulative deformation by cyclic loading is developed. In finite element analyses, the dynamic relaxation method combined with the generalized return-mapping algorithm is applied to the static drained and un-drained tri-axial tests and plane strain tests. The cyclic behavior of retaining wall problems by freeze and thaw in cold regions is also analyzed. Finally the dynamic progressive failure analysis of rockfill dam is carried out.  相似文献   

Testing the applicability of a kinematic wave-based distributed hydrological model in two climatically contrasting catchments     

T. Tanaka  Y. Tachikawa 《水文科学杂志》2015,60(7-8):1361-1373

Abstract

Steep mountainous areas account for 70% of all river catchments in Japan. To predict river discharge for the mountainous catchments, many studies have applied distributed hydrological models based on a kinematic wave approximation with surface and subsurface flow components (DHM-KWSS). These models reproduce observed river discharge of catchments in Japan well; however, the applicability of a DHM-KWSS to catchments with different geographical and climatic conditions has not been sufficiently examined. This research applied a DHM-KWSS to two river basins that have different climatic conditions from basins in Japan to examine the transferability of the DHM-KWSS model structure. Our results show that the DHM-KWSS model structure explained flow regimes for a wet river basin as well as a large flood event in an arid basin; however, it was unable to explain long-term flow regimes for the arid basin case study.  相似文献   

North polar region of Mars: Advances in stratigraphy, structure, and erosional modification   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kenneth L. Tanaka  J. Alexis P. Rodriguez  Mary C. Bourke  Kenneth E. Herkenhoff  Chris H. Okubo 《Icarus》2008,196(2):318-358

We have remapped the geology of the north polar plateau on Mars, Planum Boreum, and the surrounding plains of Vastitas Borealis using altimetry and image data along with thematic maps resulting from observations made by the Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft. New and revised geographic and geologic terminologies assist with effectively discussing the various features of this region. We identify 7 geologic units making up Planum Boreum and at least 3 for the circumpolar plains, which collectively span the entire Amazonian Period. The Planum Boreum units resolve at least 6 distinct depositional and 5 erosional episodes. The first major stage of activity includes the Early Amazonian (∼3 to 1 Ga) deposition (and subsequent erosion) of the thick (locally exceeding 1000 m) and evenly-layered Rupes Tenuis unit (Abrt), which ultimately formed approximately half of the base of Planum Boreum. As previously suggested, this unit may be sourced by materials derived from the nearby Scandia region, and we interpret that it may correlate with the deposits that regionally underlie pedestal craters in the surrounding lowland plains. The second major episode of activity during the Middle to Late Amazonian (1 Ga) began with a section of dark, sand-rich and light-toned ice-rich irregularly-bedded sequences (Planum Boreum cavi unit, Abb_c) along with deposition of evenly-bedded light-toned ice- and moderate-toned dust-rich layers (Planum Boreum 1 unit, Abb₁). These units have transgressive and gradational stratigraphic relationships. Materials in Olympia Planum underlying the dunes of Olympia Undae are interpreted to consist mostly of the Planum Boreum cavi unit (Abb_c). Planum Boreum materials were then deeply eroded to form spiral troughs, Chasma Boreale, and marginal scarps that define the major aspects of the polar plateau's current regional topography. Locally- to regionally-extensive (though vertically minor) episodes of deposition of evenly-bedded, light- and dark-toned layered materials and subsequent erosion of these materials persisted throughout the Late Amazonian. Sand saltation, including dune migration, is likely to account for much of the erosion of Planum Boreum, particularly at its margin, alluding to the lengthy sedimentological history of the circum-polar dune fields. Such erosion has been controlled largely by topographic effects on wind patterns and the variable resistance to erosion of materials (fresh and altered) and physiographic features. Some present-day dune fields may be hundreds of kilometers removed from possible sources along the margins of Planum Boreum, and dark materials, comprised of sand sheets, extend even farther downwind. These deposits also attest to the lengthy period of erosion following emplacement of the Planum Boreum 1 unit. We find no evidence for extensive glacial flow, topographic relaxation, or basal melting of Planum Boreum materials. However, minor development of normal faults and wrinkle ridges may suggest differential compaction of materials across buried scarps. Timing relations are poorly-defined mostly because resurfacing and other uncertainties prohibit precise determinations of surface impact crater densities. The majority of the stratigraphic record may predate the recent (<20 Ma) part of the orbitally-driven climate record that can be reliably calculated. Given the strong stratigraphic but loose temporal constraints of the north polar geologic record, a comparison of north and south polar stratigraphy permits a speculative scenario in which major Amazonian depositional and erosional episodes driven by global climate activity is plausible.  相似文献   

Tsunami Bores in Kitakami River     

Elena Tolkova  Hitoshi Tanaka 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2016,173(12):4039-4054

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山东沭河裂谷带早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹群与古地理背景^*          下载免费PDF全文

旷红伟  柳永清  吴清资  程光锁  许克民  刘海  彭楠  许欢  陈军  王宝红  徐加林  汪明伟  章朋 《古地理学报》2013,15(4):435-453

山东沭河裂谷带由北至南发育8个早白垩世晚期(大盛期）的恐龙足迹群化石点,其中5处为本研究首次报道。沭河裂谷带足迹化石点多,分布广,层位多,足迹数量和造迹恐龙种类丰富。郯城新发现的单个蜥脚类巨型足迹直径近1.0m,可能仅次于前人描述过的兰州西南盐锅峡下白垩统河口群内中国最大的蜥脚类足迹化石。沭河裂谷带的恐龙足迹产出于大盛群田家楼组,地质年代为110～100Ma,属于早白垩世晚期Aptian晚期—Albian期。恐龙足迹一般为凹形印痕,造迹者以蜥脚类恐龙为主,其次为鸟脚类和兽脚类。足迹多保存在发育波痕、泥裂、雨痕等沉积构造的细砂—粉砂岩沉积物层面。足迹和行迹特征显示造迹恐龙为群居和在栖息地漫步行走状态。足迹原位保存特征及赋存地层沉积学研究表明,早白垩世中晚期气候处于由温暖潮湿变得炎热干旱的过渡期,湖泊、三角洲广布,恐龙栖息于湖滨环境。沭河裂谷带早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹群的发现和综合研究进一步证实,中国早白垩世恐龙动物群有着更广阔的地理分布和相似的古地理环境。  相似文献   

山东临沭地区早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹化石特征^*   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

陈军  旷红伟  柳永清  吴清资  程光锁  许克民  彭楠  许欢  刘海  徐加林  汪明伟  王宝红  章朋 《古地理学报》2013,15(4):505-516

主要记述了山东临沭地区早白垩世晚期(大盛群沉积时期）、生活于干旱炎热气候条件下滨浅湖环境的恐龙所留下的大规模足迹化石群。初步研究表明,这些足迹以蜥脚类恐龙足迹占绝大多数,见少量鸟脚类、兽脚类和疑似甲龙类足迹(甲龙类足迹在中国罕见),足迹总体行进方向以向西和南西为主。通过对其中的2条蜥脚类和1条鸟脚类行迹及其行为学的分析认为其均处于慢行状态,而鸟脚类行迹的运动速度极慢,可能处于一种特殊的慢行状态。临沭地区早白垩世晚期大盛期如此大规模足迹化石群的发现,说明中国乃至东亚地区早白垩世普遍存在着以恐龙为代表的(包括鸟类在内）陆生脊椎动物群。足迹化石的研究将对进一步了解晚中生代陆地生物群的演化有着重要意义。对比其他地区早白垩世晚期地层中发现的恐龙足迹化石特征后认为,足迹的保存与当时的沉积环境有密切的关系,因此对恐龙足迹的研究又能进一步为恢复古生态、古地理环境等提供更丰富的信息。  相似文献   

Validation of a new generation system for bottom boundary layer beneath solitary wave     

Hitoshi Tanaka  Bambang Winarta 《Coastal Engineering》2012,59(1):46-56

Understanding of sea bottom boundary layer characteristics, especially bottom shear stress acting on the sea bed, is an important step needed in sediment transport modeling for practical application purposes. In the present study, a new generation system for bottom boundary layer under solitary wave is proposed. Applicability of this system is examined by comparing measured and numerical solution velocities. Moreover, transitional behavior from laminar to turbulence was investigated. It is concluded that the critical Reynolds number in the experiments shows good agreement with DNS result of Vittori and Blondeaux (2008) and laboratory data of Sumer et al. (2010), indicating validity of the generation system. Since the present generation system enables continuous measurement to obtain ensemble averaged quantities, it can be effectively utilized for future experimental studies on solitary wave boundary layers, including sediment transport experiments with movable bed.  相似文献