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841.
842.
山东沭河裂谷带由北至南发育8个早白垩世晚期(大盛期)的恐龙足迹群化石点,其中5处为本研究首次报道。沭河裂谷带足迹化石点多,分布广,层位多,足迹数量和造迹恐龙种类丰富。郯城新发现的单个蜥脚类巨型足迹直径近1.0m,可能仅次于前人描述过的兰州西南盐锅峡下白垩统河口群内中国最大的蜥脚类足迹化石。沭河裂谷带的恐龙足迹产出于大盛群田家楼组,地质年代为110~100Ma,属于早白垩世晚期Aptian晚期—Albian期。恐龙足迹一般为凹形印痕,造迹者以蜥脚类恐龙为主,其次为鸟脚类和兽脚类。足迹多保存在发育波痕、泥裂、雨痕等沉积构造的细砂—粉砂岩沉积物层面。足迹和行迹特征显示造迹恐龙为群居和在栖息地漫步行走状态。足迹原位保存特征及赋存地层沉积学研究表明,早白垩世中晚期气候处于由温暖潮湿变得炎热干旱的过渡期,湖泊、三角洲广布,恐龙栖息于湖滨环境。沭河裂谷带早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹群的发现和综合研究进一步证实,中国早白垩世恐龙动物群有着更广阔的地理分布和相似的古地理环境。 相似文献
843.
主要记述了山东临沭地区早白垩世晚期(大盛群沉积时期)、生活于干旱炎热气候条件下滨浅湖环境的恐龙所留下的大规模足迹化石群。初步研究表明,这些足迹以蜥脚类恐龙足迹占绝大多数,见少量鸟脚类、兽脚类和疑似甲龙类足迹(甲龙类足迹在中国罕见),足迹总体行进方向以向西和南西为主。通过对其中的2条蜥脚类和1条鸟脚类行迹及其行为学的分析认为其均处于慢行状态,而鸟脚类行迹的运动速度极慢,可能处于一种特殊的慢行状态。临沭地区早白垩世晚期大盛期如此大规模足迹化石群的发现,说明中国乃至东亚地区早白垩世普遍存在着以恐龙为代表的(包括鸟类在内)陆生脊椎动物群。足迹化石的研究将对进一步了解晚中生代陆地生物群的演化有着重要意义。对比其他地区早白垩世晚期地层中发现的恐龙足迹化石特征后认为,足迹的保存与当时的沉积环境有密切的关系,因此对恐龙足迹的研究又能进一步为恢复古生态、古地理环境等提供更丰富的信息。 相似文献
844.
Understanding of sea bottom boundary layer characteristics, especially bottom shear stress acting on the sea bed, is an important step needed in sediment transport modeling for practical application purposes. In the present study, a new generation system for bottom boundary layer under solitary wave is proposed. Applicability of this system is examined by comparing measured and numerical solution velocities. Moreover, transitional behavior from laminar to turbulence was investigated. It is concluded that the critical Reynolds number in the experiments shows good agreement with DNS result of Vittori and Blondeaux (2008) and laboratory data of Sumer et al. (2010), indicating validity of the generation system. Since the present generation system enables continuous measurement to obtain ensemble averaged quantities, it can be effectively utilized for future experimental studies on solitary wave boundary layers, including sediment transport experiments with movable bed. 相似文献
845.
North polar region of Mars: Advances in stratigraphy, structure, and erosional modification 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kenneth L. Tanaka J. Alexis P. Rodriguez Mary C. Bourke Kenneth E. Herkenhoff Chris H. Okubo 《Icarus》2008,196(2):318-358
We have remapped the geology of the north polar plateau on Mars, Planum Boreum, and the surrounding plains of Vastitas Borealis using altimetry and image data along with thematic maps resulting from observations made by the Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft. New and revised geographic and geologic terminologies assist with effectively discussing the various features of this region. We identify 7 geologic units making up Planum Boreum and at least 3 for the circumpolar plains, which collectively span the entire Amazonian Period. The Planum Boreum units resolve at least 6 distinct depositional and 5 erosional episodes. The first major stage of activity includes the Early Amazonian (∼3 to 1 Ga) deposition (and subsequent erosion) of the thick (locally exceeding 1000 m) and evenly-layered Rupes Tenuis unit (Abrt), which ultimately formed approximately half of the base of Planum Boreum. As previously suggested, this unit may be sourced by materials derived from the nearby Scandia region, and we interpret that it may correlate with the deposits that regionally underlie pedestal craters in the surrounding lowland plains. The second major episode of activity during the Middle to Late Amazonian (1 Ga) began with a section of dark, sand-rich and light-toned ice-rich irregularly-bedded sequences (Planum Boreum cavi unit, Abbc) along with deposition of evenly-bedded light-toned ice- and moderate-toned dust-rich layers (Planum Boreum 1 unit, Abb1). These units have transgressive and gradational stratigraphic relationships. Materials in Olympia Planum underlying the dunes of Olympia Undae are interpreted to consist mostly of the Planum Boreum cavi unit (Abbc). Planum Boreum materials were then deeply eroded to form spiral troughs, Chasma Boreale, and marginal scarps that define the major aspects of the polar plateau's current regional topography. Locally- to regionally-extensive (though vertically minor) episodes of deposition of evenly-bedded, light- and dark-toned layered materials and subsequent erosion of these materials persisted throughout the Late Amazonian. Sand saltation, including dune migration, is likely to account for much of the erosion of Planum Boreum, particularly at its margin, alluding to the lengthy sedimentological history of the circum-polar dune fields. Such erosion has been controlled largely by topographic effects on wind patterns and the variable resistance to erosion of materials (fresh and altered) and physiographic features. Some present-day dune fields may be hundreds of kilometers removed from possible sources along the margins of Planum Boreum, and dark materials, comprised of sand sheets, extend even farther downwind. These deposits also attest to the lengthy period of erosion following emplacement of the Planum Boreum 1 unit. We find no evidence for extensive glacial flow, topographic relaxation, or basal melting of Planum Boreum materials. However, minor development of normal faults and wrinkle ridges may suggest differential compaction of materials across buried scarps. Timing relations are poorly-defined mostly because resurfacing and other uncertainties prohibit precise determinations of surface impact crater densities. The majority of the stratigraphic record may predate the recent (<20 Ma) part of the orbitally-driven climate record that can be reliably calculated. Given the strong stratigraphic but loose temporal constraints of the north polar geologic record, a comparison of north and south polar stratigraphy permits a speculative scenario in which major Amazonian depositional and erosional episodes driven by global climate activity is plausible. 相似文献
846.
AbstractSteep mountainous areas account for 70% of all river catchments in Japan. To predict river discharge for the mountainous catchments, many studies have applied distributed hydrological models based on a kinematic wave approximation with surface and subsurface flow components (DHM-KWSS). These models reproduce observed river discharge of catchments in Japan well; however, the applicability of a DHM-KWSS to catchments with different geographical and climatic conditions has not been sufficiently examined. This research applied a DHM-KWSS to two river basins that have different climatic conditions from basins in Japan to examine the transferability of the DHM-KWSS model structure. Our results show that the DHM-KWSS model structure explained flow regimes for a wet river basin as well as a large flood event in an arid basin; however, it was unable to explain long-term flow regimes for the arid basin case study. 相似文献
847.
Tadatsugu Tanaka 《寒旱区科学》2015,7(5):492-502
The solutions of boundary value problems involving strain-softening material property contain serious difficulties from both modeling of strain-localization and a viewpoint of numerical procedure. Mesh size-dependent hardening modulus is considered to alleviate the mesh size-dependency of the solution. The elasto-plastic soil model with kinematic hardening model considering the cumulative deformation by cyclic loading is developed. In finite element analyses, the dynamic relaxation method combined with the generalized return-mapping algorithm is applied to the static drained and un-drained tri-axial tests and plane strain tests. The cyclic behavior of retaining wall problems by freeze and thaw in cold regions is also analyzed. Finally the dynamic progressive failure analysis of rockfill dam is carried out. 相似文献
848.
849.
Afforestation in arid land is a promising method for carbon fixation, but the effective utilization of water is highly important and required. Thus, the evaluation of the amount of water per unit carbon fixed with the tree growth is required to minimize the amount of water supplied to the plants. In this research, a tree is regarded as a carbon fixation reactor with inflows of water and nutrients from roots, and CO2 as the carbon source from leaves with outflow of water vapor from leaves and accumulation in the tree itself. In the process of photosynthesis and respiration nutritional elements are dissolved in water flow in trees. They do not flow out by these reactions, but are accumulated in trees. Thus, we have treated the behaviour of nutrients as a marker to evaluate the water/carbon ratio.Assuming that nutrient concentration is constant in sap, and the differences in the ratios of nutrient to carbon in living trees and dead (i.e. litter fall, etc.) are neglected, the ratio of the used water to fixed carbon is given as the ratio of nutrient to carbon in the tree body divided by the ratio of nutrient to water in sap. However, some nutrients are translocated and concentrated within the tree and some may be discarded through litter fall. Thus it is important to examine which nutrient element is the most suitable as the tracer.In this paper, the results of the above method applied toEucalyptus camaldulensis in semiarid land of Western Australia are shown. The value of water requirement per unit carbon fixation determined from potassium balance is between 421 kg-H2O/kg-C for mature trees and 285 kg-H2O/kg-C for young trees, while the values from calcium balance are much larger than these. The cause of the discrepancy between these values is discussed based on the measured element concentrations in sap and trees and the plant physiology. Finally, the actual average value through the life of a tree is suggested to fall between the two values. 相似文献
850.
We present the analysis of observations of the August flares at Big Bear and Tel Aviv, involving monochromatic movies, magnetograms and spectra. In each flare the observations fit a model of particle acceleration in the chromosphere with emission produced by impact and by heating by the energetic electrons and protons. The region showed inverted polarity and high gradients from birth, and flares appear due to strong magnetic shears and gradients across the neutral line produced by sunspot motions. Post flare loops show a strong change from sheared, force-free fields parallel to potential-field-like loops, perpendicular to the neutral line above the surface.We detected fast (5 s duration) small (1') flashes in 3835 at the footpoints of flux loops in the August 2 impulsive flare at 1838 UT, which may be explained by dumping of > 50 keV electrons accelerated in individual flux loops. The flashes show excellent time and intensity agreement with > 45 keV X-rays. In the less impulsive 2000 UT flare a less impulsive wave of emission in 3835 moved with the separating footpoints. The thick target model of X-ray production gives a consistent model for X-ray, 3835 and microwave emission in the 18:38 UT event.Spectra of the August 7 flare show emission 12 Å FWHM in flare kernels, but only 1 to 2 Å wide in the rest of the flare. The kernels thus produce most of the H emission. The total emission in H in the August 4 and August 7 flares was about 2 × 1030 erg. We belive this dependable value more accurate than previous larger estimates for great flares. The time dependence of total H emission agrees with radio and X-ray data much better than area measurements which depend on the weaker halo.Absorption line spectra show a large (6 km/s-1) photospheric velocity discontinuity across the neutral line, corresponding to sheared flow across that line.This work has been supported by NASA under NGR 05 002 034, NSF Atmospheric Sciences program under GA 24015, and AFCRL under FI9628-73-C-0085. 相似文献