Theory of quadrupolar sunspots and the active region of August, 1972     

Hai-Shou Yang  Hou-Mei Chang  J. W. Harvey 《Solar physics》1983,84(1-2):139-151

Energy is stored when the force-free magnetic field in an active region departs from a potential field, the departure showing up as a shear in the field. As soon as the field untwists, energy will be released to produce flares. Based on this idea, we derived an analytical solution of the equation of force-free field under the assumption of a constant force-free factor, and found expressions for seven important quantities for quadrupolar sunspots: the magnetic energy of the twisted field, that of potential field, the extractable free energy ΔM, the magnetic flux, the total current, the force-free factor and the field decay factor, in terms of three observables: the field intensity, the twist angle and the distance between two spots of the same polarity. The expression for ΔM can be useful in solar prediction work. For the active region of August, 1972, we found ΔM up to 6 × 10³² erg, sufficient to supply the energy of the observed flare activity. Observations of this active region are in good general agreement with our theoretical expectations: in the entire twisting of the quadrupolar sunspot group, each spot assumes the form of a complete spiral in the clockwise direction for each of the four spots.  相似文献   

Palaeoenvironmental significance of Late Permian palaeosols in the South‐Eastern Iberian Ranges,Spain     

RAÚL DE LA HORRA  Ma ISABEL BENITO  JOSE LÓPEZ‐GÓMEZ  ALFREDO ARCHE  JOSÉ F. BARRENECHEA  JAVIER LUQUE 《Sedimentology》2008,55(6):1849-1873

The Late Permian (Wuchiapingian) Alcotas Formation in the SE Iberian Ranges consists of one red alluvial succession where abundant soil profiles developed. Detailed petrographical and sedimentological studies in seven sections of the Alcotas Formation allow six different types of palaeosols, with distinctive characteristics and different palaeogeographical distribution, to be distinguished throughout the South‐eastern Iberian Basin. These characteristics are, in turn, related to topographic, climatic and tectonic controls. The vertical distribution of the palaeosols is used to differentiate the formation in three parts from bottom to top showing both drastic and gradual vertical upwards palaeoenvironmental changes in the sections. Reconstruction of palaeoenvironmental conditions based on palaeosols provides evidence for understanding the events that occurred during the Late Permian, some few millions of years before the well‐known Permian‐Triassic global crisis.  相似文献   

Methane‐related microbial gypsum calcitization in stromatolites of a marine evaporative setting (Münder Formation,Upper Jurassic,Hils Syncline,north Germany)     

GERNOT ARP  CHRISTIAN OSTERTAG‐HENNING  SELÇÜK YÜCEKENT  JOACHIM REITNER  VOLKER THIEL 《Sedimentology》2008,55(5):1227-1251

Fossil stromatolites may reveal information about their hydrochemical palaeoenvironment, provided that assignment to a specific microbial community and a corresponding biogeochemical mechanism of formation can be made. Tithonian stromatolites of the Münder Formation at Thüste, north Germany, have traditionally been considered as formed by intertidal cyanobacterial communities. However, thin sections of the stromatolites show elongated angular traces of former gypsum crystals in a dense arrangement, but no algal or cyanobacterial filament traces. Moreover, high Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ contents, oxygen‐isotope and sulphur‐isotope ratios of carbonate‐bound sulphates, and sulphurized hydrocarbon biomarkers of the stromatolitic carbonate indicate that CaCO₃ precipitation occurred near the oxic–anoxic interface as a result of intensive bacterial sulphur cycling rather than photosynthetic activity. Furthermore, anaerobic oxidation of methane by Archaea may have driven CaCO₃ precipitation in deeper parts of the biofilm community, as reflected by high concentrations of squalane with a strongly negative δ¹³C in conjunction with evaporite pseudomorphs showing extremely low δ¹³C_Carb ratios. Consequently, the Thüste stromatolites are now interpreted as having initially formed by gypsum impregnation of biofilms. Subsequently, early Mg‐calcitic calcitization within the biofilms occurred because of combined bacterial iron, manganese and sulphate reduction, with an increasing contribution of anaerobic oxidation of methane with depth. This model plausibly explains the prominent preservation of signals derived from oxygen‐independent metabolic pathways, whereas virtually no geochemical record exists for an aerobic community that may, nevertheless, have prevailed at the stromatolite surface. Photic‐zone stromatolites with a prominent signal of anaerobic oxidation of methane may be common in, and indicative of, oxygen‐depleted sulphate‐bearing environments with high rates of methane production, conditions that possibly were fulfilled at the Archaean to Proterozoic transition.  相似文献   

新疆塔中南坡奥陶系的地层缺失和沉积相变化   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

蔡习尧  李越 《地层学杂志》2008,32(4)

按照奥陶系内部6个组沉积的时间片段拟定塔中南坡不同区块存在不同程度的缺失。部分关键层段的牙形石和几丁虫组合特征证明一间房组和恰尔巴克组在塔中部分井区是存在的,但恰尔巴克组的分布范围最狭窄。总体上,塔中南坡隆起区地层缺失较多,古城墟隆起基本完整。据缺失状况和岩相展布,显示塔中南坡的沉积单元具有由东往西迁移的特征,且各时段迁移的距离与速度存在较大差异。  相似文献   

江西省德兴铜矿矿区重金属元素的环境效应   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

初娜  赵元艺  张光弟  杨慧 《地质学报》2008,82(4):562-576

本文系统研究了德兴铜矿排石场和尾砂库的环境问题,以环境介质（水土植物）中重金属元素含量为研究对象,论述矿区重金属的环境效应。研究结果表明祝家村低品位矿石堆浸场淋滤产生的酸性废水是造成大坞河流域重金属污染的主要来源。大坞河上游水体中Cu元素含量高达14506μg/L,是国家Ⅲ级水标准的14倍之多,Zn元素含量高达2938μg/L,是国家Ⅲ级水标准的2.9倍,同时pH值在3~4范围内;到中下游水体中Cu元素含量减小到几千到几百μg/L,水质有所改善。大坞河沿岸上游和中游土壤重金属含量受河水影响,随着与河岸距离的增加而减小。同时水稻中Pb元素含量是国家粮食标准的2倍。推测4#尾砂库尾砂表层氧化带深度大于80cm;而1#尾砂库库内尾砂中氧化带估计在0~25cm处。推测两个尾砂库产酸能力小于酸中和能力,故坝底水中pH值在7左右,对周围水体影响较小。与4#尾砂库距离近的石墩头村稻田表层土壤中Cu、Mo元素含量较高,远离尾砂库土壤中重金属含量降低。同时4#尾砂库周围土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu元素的吸附态、碳酸盐态比例在20%左右,因而在酸性环境下较容易被植物吸收。1#尾砂库矿建村种植的小白菜中Pb元素含量超过国家蔬菜标准的4倍,Cu、Pb、Zn元素含量严重超过背景值。  相似文献   

Numerical modeling of rainstorm-induced shallow landslides in saturated and unsaturated soils     

Tung-Lin Tsai  Hung-En Chen  Jinn-Chuang Yang 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(6):1269-1277

For the assessment of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall, the physically based model coupling the infinite slope stability analysis with the hydrological modeling in nearly saturated soil has commonly been used due to its simplicity. However, in that model the rainfall infiltration in unsaturated soil could not be reliably simulated because a linear diffusion-type Richards’ equation rather than the complete Richards’ equation was used. In addition, the effect of matric suction on the shear strength of soil was not actually considered. Therefore, except the shallow landslide in saturated soil due to groundwater table rise, the shallow landslide induced by the loss in unsaturated shear strength due to the dissipation of matric suction could not be reliably assessed. In this study, a physically based model capable of assessing shallow landslides in variably saturated soils is developed by adopting the complete Richards’ equation with the effect of slope angle in the rainfall infiltration modeling and using the extended Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion to describe the unsaturated shear strength in the soil failure modeling. The influence of rainfall intensity and duration on shallow landslide is investigated using the developed model. The result shows that the rainfall intensity and duration seem to have similar influence on shallow landslides respectively triggered by the increase of positive pore water pressure in saturated soil and induced by the dissipation of matric suction in unsaturated soil. The rainfall duration threshold decreases with the increase in rainfall intensity, but remains constant for large rainfall intensity.  相似文献   

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Soil nutrient bioavailability and nutrient content of pine trees (Pinus thunbergii) in areas impacted by acid deposition in Korea     

Jae E. Yang  Wi-Young Lee  Yong Sik Ok  Jeffrey Skousen 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(9):951-957

  相似文献   

Timing of UHP metamorphism in the Hong’an area,western Dabie Mountains,China: evidence from zircon U–Pb age,trace element and Hf isotope composition     

Yuan-Bao Wu  Shan Gao  Hong-Fei Zhang  Sai-Hong Yang  Wen-Fang Jiao  Yong-Sheng Liu  Hong-Lin Yuan 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,155(1):123-133

The Hong’an area (western Dabie Mountains) is the westernmost terrane in the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogen that preserves UHP eclogites. The ages of the UHP metamorphism have not been well constrained, and thus hinder our understanding of the tectonic evolution of this area. LA-ICPMS U–Pb age, trace element and Hf isotope compositions of zircons of a granitic gneiss and an eclogite from the Xinxian UHP unit in the Hong’an area were analyzed to constrain the age of the UHP metamorphism. Most zircons are unzoned or show sector zoning. They have low trace element concentrations, without significant negative Eu anomalies. These metamorphic zircons can be further subdivided into two groups according to their U–Pb ages, and trace element and Lu–Hf isotope compositions. One group with an average age of 239 ± 2 Ma show relatively high and variable HREE contents (527 ≥ Lu_N ≥ 14) and ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios (0.00008–0.000931), indicating their growth prior to a great deal of garnet growth in the late stage of continental subduction. The other group yields an average age of 227 ± 2 Ma, and shows consistent low HREE contents and ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios, suggesting their growth with concurrent garnet crystallization and/or recrystallization. These two groups of age are taken as recording the time of prograde HP to UHP and retrograde UHP–HP stages, respectively. A few cores have high Th/U ratios, high trace element contents, and a clear negative Eu anomaly. These features support a magmatic origin of these zircon cores. The upper intercept ages of 771 ± 86 and 752 ± 70 Ma for the granitic gneiss and eclogite, respectively, indicate that their protoliths probably formed as a bimodal suite in rifting zones in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block. Young Hf model ages (T _DM1) of magmatic cores indicate juvenile (mantle-derived) materials were involved in their protolith formation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

Evolution of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath eastern China: Re–Os isotopic evidence from mantle xenoliths in Paleozoic kimberlites and Mesozoic basalts     

Hong-Fu Zhang  Steven L. Goldstein  Xin-Hua Zhou  Min Sun  Jian-Ping Zheng  Yue Cai 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,155(3):271-293

The ages of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the North China and South China cratons are less well-constrained than the overlying crust. We report Re–Os isotope systematics of mantle xenoliths entrained in Paleozoic kimberlites and Mesozoic basalts from eastern China. Peridotite xenoliths from the Fuxian and Mengyin Paleozoic diamondiferous kimberlites in the North China Craton give Archean Re depletion ages of 2.6–3.2 Ga and melt depletion ages of 2.9–3.4 Ga. No obvious differences in Re and Os abundances, Os isotopic ratios and model ages are observed between spinel-facies and garnet-facies peridotites from both kimberlite localities. The Re–Os isotopic data, together with the PGE concentrations, demonstrate that beneath the Archean continental crust of the eastern North China Craton, Archean lithospheric mantle of spinel- to diamond-facies existed without apparent compositional stratification during the Paleozoic. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic basalt-borne peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths, on the other hand, show geochemical features indicating metasomatic enrichment, along with a large range of the Re–Os isotopic model ages from Proterozoic to Phanerozoic. These features indicate that lithospheric transformation or refertilization through melt-peridotite interaction could be the primary mechanism for compositional changes during the Phanerozoic, rather than delamination or thermal-mechanical erosion, despite the potential of these latter processes to play an important role for the loss of garnet-facies mantle. A fresh garnet lherzolite xenolith from the Yangtze Block has a Re depletion age of ∼1.04 Ga, much younger than overlying Archean crustal rocks but the same Re depletion ages as spinel lherzolite xenoliths from adjacent Mesozoic basalts, indicating Neoproterozoic resetting of the Re–Os system in the South China Craton.  相似文献   

Metallographic cooling rates and origin of IVA iron meteorites     

Jijin Yang  Joseph I. Goldstein 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(12):3043-3061

We have determined the metallographic cooling rates for 13 IVA irons using the most recent and most accurate metallographic cooling rate model. Group IVA irons have cooling rates that vary from 6600 °C/Myr at the low-Ni end of the group to 100 °C/Myr at the high-Ni end of the group. This large cooling rate range is totally incompatible with cooling in a mantled core which should have a uniform cooling rate. Thermal and fractional crystallization models have been used to describe the cooling and solidification of the IVA asteroid. The thermal model indicates that a metallic body of 150 ± 50 km in radius with less than 1 km of silicate on the outside of the body has a range of cooling rates that match the metallographic cooling rates in IVA irons in the temperature range 700-400 °C where the Widmanstätten pattern formed. The fractional crystallization model for Ni with initial S contents between 3 and 9 wt% is consistent with the measured variation of cooling rate with bulk Ni and the thermal model. New models for impacts in the early solar system and the evolution of the primordial asteroid belt allow us to propose that the IVA irons crystallized and cooled in a metallic body that was derived from a differentiated protoplanet during a grazing impact. Other large magmatic iron groups, IIAB, IIIAB, and IVB, also show significant cooling rate ranges and are very likely to share a similar history.  相似文献