Morphological and speleothemic development in Brujas Cave (Southern Andean Range, Argentine): palaeoenvironmental significance     

Carlos Sancho  Jos Luis Pea  Raúl Mikkan  Cinta Oscar  Yves Quinif 《Geomorphology》2004,57(3-4):367-384

Brujas Cave, in the Southern Andean Range, is a well-known endokarstic site in Argentina. However, the origin and evolution of this cave system are poorly known. Based on morphological cave features as well as characteristics of cave deposits, we propose a meteogene drawdown cave genesis, including a change from phreatic to vadose conditions related to the high rate of fluvial downcutting in the area. During the vadose period, various cave-related deposits, including authogenic calcite and gypsum speleothems, allogenic volcanic ash and external tufas were deposited. Gypsum crusts are the oldest cave deposits identified (90.2–64.3 ky BP). Their origin, deduced from isotopic characteristics (∂³⁴S=9.6‰), is related to the oxidation of pyrite contained in the Jurassic limestone bedrock as well as the dissolution of overlying Jurassic–Triassic evaporite formations. Gypsum crust deposition is associated with evaporation of water flowing and seeping into the cave during arid environmental conditions. Calcite deposits precipitated from flowing water under equilibrium conditions represent the main speleothem growth period (67.6–34 ky BP in age). Their stable isotope values (∂¹³C=−3‰ to −5‰ and ∂¹⁸O=−9‰ to −11‰) may indicate slightly humid and warm conditions related to the regional Minchin lacustrine phase and global oxygen isotope stage 3. Following this stage, a seismic event is evidenced by accumulations of broken stalactites. Seepage calcite speleothems covering cave walls were deposited under disequilibrium conditions by evaporation, probably during Holocene time. Finally, another more recent gypsum deposition period represented by gypsum balls has been differentiated. Micromorphological as well as isotopic (∂³⁴S=5.6‰) data indicate that these gypsum forms are related to cyclic processes (solution–deposition) from water seeping into the cave under arid conditions. In addition, intense volcanic activity in the area during Holocene time is deduced from allogenic volcanic ash and lapilli located mainly at the entrance cave. At present, limited hydrological activity is observed in the cave and small tufa deposits at karstic discharge points are evidenced. We conclude that the geomorphological evolution of Brujas Cave was controlled by climatic changes (wet and dry stages) under semiarid environmental conditions in a very active tectonic and volcanic setting during Late Quaternary time.  相似文献   

Diatom taxonomic and morphological changes as indicators of metal pollution and recovery in Lac Dufault (Québec, Canada)     

Antonella Cattaneo  Yves Couillard  Sybille Wunsam  Michel Courcelles 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2004,32(2):163-175

We studied diatom taxonomic composition and the presence of morphological alterations (size and deformations) along a sediment core collected in Lac Dufault, Abitibi, whose watershed has a long history of mining pollution presently undergoing mitigation. According to sediment dating with ²¹⁰Pb and metal profiles along the core, we could identify four periods in the contamination history of the lake, which were characterized by different diatoms. Tabellaria flocculosa was dominant in the pre-mining period but was drastically reduced at the onset of pollution when Fragilaria cf. tenera became important. This diatom, together with other Fragilaria species and cysts of Chaetoceros muelleri, typified the transition period in which Cu reached its maximum value and other metals started to increase. During the period of maximum contamination with Zn, Cd, and Fe accompanied by acid mine drainage, Achnanthes minutissima and Brachysira vitrea were dominant. These taxa started to wane in the most recent sediments representing a partial chemical recovery. Asterionella formosa, which almost vanished at mining onset, reappeared with high abundance in these superficial sections. Beside these taxonomical shifts, we observed during the contamination period significant reduction in valve length together with increased percentages of valve deformations. Because available data on water chemistry and a diatom-based pH reconstruction suggest that Lac Dufault escaped severe acidification, diatom patterns observed in the core can be mostly ascribed to metal contamination. Individual diatom abundance and valve length had strong statistical relationships with the different metals identified in the core. Diatom changes both taxonomic and morphological can be excellent specific indicator of metal contamination and early recovery.  相似文献   

Relationships among Gibbs free energies and enthalpies of formation of phosphates,oxides and aqueous ions     

Yves Tardy  Philippe Vieillard 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1977,63(1):75-88

Two parameters _GO^2– and _HO^2– are defined as the differences between respectively the Gibbs free energies and the enthalpies of formation of an oxide and its corresponding aqueous cation. The Gibbs free energies and enthalpies of formation of phosphates from their consituent oxides are shown to be linear functions of respectively _GO^2– and _HO^2– of their constituent cations.  相似文献   

Relationships among Gibbs energies of formation of sulfates,nitrates, carbonates,oxides and aqueous ions     

Yves Tardy  Lucienne Gartner 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1977,63(1):89-102

A parameter _GO^2– is defined as the difference between the Gibbs free energy of formation from the elements of a given oxide and its corresponding aqueous cation. The Gibbs free energies of formation of compounds such as sulfates, nitrates or carbonates, from their constituent oxides, are shown to be linear functions of _GO^2– values of their constituent cations.  相似文献   

Stabilization of complex ions by the crystal field: CO 3 2− , NO 3 − , O 3 − , [(OH)4]4−, [(OH)3F]4−, [(OH)2F2]4−     

André Julg  Yves Ozias 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1985,12(5):307-310

According to Koopmans' theorem, only the electrons associated with molecular levels of negative energy are stable. Many ions which cannot exist in the isolated state because certain occupied levels are positive, become stable in crystals under the stabilization effect arising from the crystal field. As examples, we have studied CO ₃ ^2? in calcite, NO ₃ ^? in NaNO₃, and several natural limpurities: O ₃ ^? in fluorite, [(OH)₄]^4?, [(OH)₃F]^4? and [(OH)₂F₂]^4? in zircon and thorite, by means of the molecular self-consistent field, the crystal field being simulated by point charges. As expected, all the energies corresponding to the occupied levels are negative within the crystal field, contrary to what occurs in the isolated state. Informations concerning the structure and the size of the critical germ are obtained for CaCO₃ and NaNO₃.  相似文献   

Diatom-based transfer functions for western Quebec lakes (Abitibiand Haute Mauricie): the possible role of epilimnetic CO2 concentration in influencing diatom assemblages     

Aline Philibert  Yves T. Prairie 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2002,27(4):465-480

Surficial sediments from 76 lakes from two western Quebec regions(Abitibi and Haute Mauricie) were sampled to identify the relationships betweendiatoms and environmental variables. Because the two regions containedradically different diatom communities, we then investigated which factors maybe responsible for the large community discrepancies in the two nearbygeographical areas. Standard lake chemistry variables showed little differencesbetween the regions, although epilimnetic light regimes were slightly lower inAbitibi. Nevertheless, lakes of the two regions with similar light regimes andchemistry still showed a clear separation in their diatoms, implying that otherimportant factors are influencing assemblages. We found that the calculatedconcentration of CO₂ in the open water can explain some of thediscrepancy in diatom assemblages. A pCCA constrained to the concentration ofCO₂ with alkalinity and pH as covariables explained 12.5% of speciesvariance and was significant. Given the lack of a relationship between DOC andCO₂, and because the lakes are heavily supersaturated withCO₂ in the calibration set, lake-to-lake variations inCO₂ concentrations are likely due to groundwater inputs; thepossibility that this environmental variable may be influencing diatomcommunities might allow, in some cases, the reconstruction of historicalchanges in groundwater inputs to lakes. Finally, new calibration models werebuilt in Quebec by using weighted averaging partial least square(WA-PLS) techniques in order to infer pH, CO₂, TP, TN, and, DOC fromdiatom assemblages preserved in the surface sediments.  相似文献   

Interannual variability of the surface heat budget over the northern North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans     

C. A. Lin  K. Higuchi  R. Michaud 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1992,45(3):161-165

Summary The January anomaly time series for each term of the surface heat budget (solar and longwave radiation, sensible and latent heat fluxes) are calculated for Ocean Weather Stations (OWSs) in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. The data set used is the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). The dominant term is the latent heat flux. The results for OWS P in the northern North Pacific show that the interannual variability of the heat budget parameters is correlated with the synoptic variability of the Aleutian low. There is also an interdecadal signal present in the heat budget anomaly time series, with the sign of the anomaly persisting for about 8–10 years. In contrast, for OWS J in the northern North Atlantic, no correlation is found between the variability of the heat budget parameters and the corresponding synoptic variability of the Icelandic low. The station J air-sea heat fluxes also show a higher frequency variability, compared to those of station P. The results suggest the variability of the January air-sea heat exchange processes are fundamentally different over the two ocean basins.With 3 Figures  相似文献   

Distribution of222Rn over the north Pacific: Implications for continental influences     

Yves J. Balkanski  Daniel J. Jacob  Richard Arimoto  Mark A. Kritz 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1992,14(1-4):353-374

The atmospheric distribution of²²²Rn over the north Pacific is simulated with a three-dimensional chemical tracer model using meteorological input from the NASA-GISS general circulation model (4°×5° resolution). Radon-222 (half-life 3.8 days) is a tracer of continental air. Model results are in good agreement with measurements from ships and aircraft. Strong Asian influence is found throughout the tropospheric column over the north Pacific in spring, reflecting a combination of frequent convection over the continent, strong westerly winds at altitude, and subsidence over the ocean. In summer, the upper troposphere over the north Pacific is heavily affected by deep convection over China; however, Asian influences at the surface are then at their yearly minimum. In winter, strong Asian influence is found near the surface but not at high altitudes. Transport of American air over the Pacific is important only at low latitudes. American sources account for 11% of total²²²Rn in the model at Midway, 30% at Mauna Loa and 59% at Oahu. Results for Hawaii indicate two seasonal peaks of American influence, one in summer and one in winter. The tropical western Pacific is particularly remote from continental influences year round.  相似文献   

Magnetostratigraphy of the Moyero River Section (North-Western Siberia): Constraints On Geomagnetic Reversal Frequency During the Early Palaeozoic   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yves Gallet  Vladimir Pavlov 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,125(1):95-105

  相似文献   

Comment on “segmentation and disruption of the East Pacific Rise in the mouth of the Gulf of California” by Peter Lonsdale (Marine Geophysical Researches 17, pp. 323–359, 1995)     

François Michaud  Jean-Yves Royer  Jacques Bourgois  Bernard Mercier De Lepinay 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1996,18(5):597-599

  相似文献