Sunspot Time Series – Relations Inferred from the Location of the Longest Spotless Segments     

Stanisław Zięba  Zenon Nieckarz 《Solar physics》2012,278(2):457-469

Spotless days (i.e., days when no sunspots are observed on the Sun) occur during the interval between the declining phase of the old sunspot cycle and the rising phase of the new sunspot cycle, being greatest in number and of longest continuous length near a new cycle minimum. In this paper, we introduce the concept of the longest spotless segment (LSS) and examine its statistical relation to selected characteristic points in the sunspot time series (STS), such as the occurrences of first spotless day and sunspot maximum. The analysis has revealed statistically significant relations that appear to be of predictive value. For example, for Cycle 24 the last spotless day during its rising phase should be about August 2012 (± 9.1 months), the daily maximum sunspot number should be about 227 (± 50; occurring about January 2014±9.5 months), and the maximum Gaussian smoothed sunspot number should be about 87 (± 25; occurring about July 2014). Using the Gaussian-filtered values, slightly earlier dates of August 2011 and March 2013 are indicated for the last spotless day and sunspot maximum for Cycle 24, respectively.  相似文献   

Monitoring Velocity Changes Caused By Underground Coal Mining Using Seismic Noise     

Rafał Czarny  Henryk Marcak  Nori Nakata  Zenon Pilecki  Zbigniew Isakow 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2016,173(6):1907-1916

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Study of evolution of shear band systems in sand retained by flexible wall     

Danuta Leniewska  Zenon Mrz 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2001,25(9):909-932

The present paper is concerned with the study of the evolution of regular patterns of shear bands observed experimentally (cf. Milligan, 1974), and provides an extension of the previous work published by the same authors. The purpose of this paper is to present an improved version of a simple theoretical model, derived basically from a classical equilibrium of the Coulomb wedge. This model constitutes a modified version of an extension of the classical Coulomb wedge analysis by assuming that soil parameters are varying during the deformation process and the initial configuration at which limit equilibrium occurs evolves toward a new equilibrium configuration. The application of the model in the analysis of shear band pattern observed in dredged model tests on cantilever walls provided realistic simulation of consecutive shear band formation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Remote sensing training for international students in Canada     

Mr. John F. Wightman Vice Principal 《国际地球制图》2013,28(1)

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IMPRESSIONS OF LISBON     

Major  D. W. Proctor Major  R. S. J. Ireland Mr.  A. D. N. Smith Mr.  J. A. Weightman 《The Photogrammetric Record》1965,5(25):6-26

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Diskusion einiger modelle der exosphäre auf grundlage der fortpflanzung von pfeifstörungen     

Jiří Mráser 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1964,8(4):405-408

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The Upper Paleozoic pebbly mudstone facies of peninsular Thailand and western Malaysia — Continental margin deposits of Palaeoeurasia — Discussion     

Dr. Peter H. Stauffer  Mr. Lee Chai Peng 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1987,76(3):945-948

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The geography of the coal industry in the United Kingdom in the 1970s: changing directions?     

Mr. J. North  Dr. D. J. Spooner 《GeoJournal》1978,2(3):255-272

Conclusion This paper has described some of the changes that have occurred in the geography of the UK's coal industry in a period when decline was the keynote, and attempted to illustrate some of the developments that are occurring in the late 1970s with implementation of the Plan for Coal. Launched at a time when the complete collapse of European energy supply seemed a distinct possibility, that Plan is encountering many problems in its implementation, and its unmodified completion must remain in doubt. The Plan 1974 and its successor embody a fundamental change of direction for the coal industry — from contraction to expansion.But although there is a change of direction at the national scale, at the inter- and intra-regional scales the direction remains largely the same. The dominance of the central coalfields is likely to increase further, while within these areas the trend towards large-scale deep mines in the concealed sections remains strong. Indeed achievement of the new desired direction at the national level, based as it must be on an industry that is price-competitive with other energy sources, may be dependent upon an intensification of these regional trends towards concentration of investment in areas where mining conditions are favourable and high-productivity, low-cost production can be achieved. It is also being recognized that removal of the burden of high-cost inefficient collieries in less favoured, mainly peripheral fields may also be vital to the competitive position:-the overall competitiveness of the industry is ... at present adversely affected by a small proportion of capacity where productivity is low and costs are high, mainly as a result of difficult working conditions. Closure of uneconomic pits as they became worked out will improve the industry's ability to compete with other fuels, (Secretary of State for Energy 1978).It thus appears that in the last quarter of the twentieth century the coal industry in the UK will become more and more focused on especially favoured areas in the central parts of the country, through the twin process of shedding loss-making activities in less favoured peripheral fields, and investing in the ample resources that underline the English lowlands.  相似文献   

Tholeiite derivative dyke swarms near Erkowit,Red Sea Hills,Sudan     

Dr. J. R. Vail  Mr. D. J. Hughes 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1977,66(1):228-237

Extensive dyke swarms have been identified in basement rocks inland from Suakin with NW, N-S, and E-W trends. Petrographic examination and the results of ten XRF analyses of dykes near Erkowit indicate that they belong to a tholeiitic hornblende microgabbro-microdiorite suite. Eight whole rock K-Ar isotopic analyses suggest two possible periods of emplacement at 616±18 Ma. and 660±19 Ma. ago. These are the first geochemical-geochronological data for Sudanese dykes, and suggest an association with the N.E. African igneous ring-complex province.

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Zusammenfassung Ausgedehnte Ansammlungen von Gängen in nordwestlichen, nord-südlichen und ostwestlichen Richtungen wurden im Grundgebirge landeinwärts von Suakin festgestellt. Eine petrographische Überprüfung und die Ergebnisse von zehn XRF-Analysen von Gängen in der Nähe von Erkowit deuten auf eine tholeiitische Homblende-Mikrogabbro-Mikrodiorit-Gruppe hin. Acht K/Ar-Isotopenanalysen legen zwei mögliche Entstehungsperioden um 616±18 Millionen Jahre und 660±19 Millionen Jahre nahe. Dies sind die ersten geochemisch-geochronologischen Daten für sudanesische Gänge; sie weisen auf eine Verbindung mit der nordostafrikanischen plutonischen Ringkomplex Region hin.

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Résumé On a compilé de grands ensembles de dykes dans le socle de l'intérieur de Suakin. Ils sont orientés N.O.-S.E., N-S et E-O. Les examens pétrographiques et les résultats de dix analyses par fluorescence X, des dykes dans la région d'Erkowit indiquent leur apparartenance à une suite tholéiitique de microgabbro ou microdiorite à hornblende. Huit analyses isotropiques de la roche totale par la méthode K-Ar suggérent deux possibilités de la période d'emplacement, 616±18 Ma et 660±19 Ma. Ces premiers éléments d'information géochimiques et géochronologiques concernant les dykes soudanais suggérent une association avec la province du ring-complex du N.E. Africain.

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-, - - Suakin'a. Erkowit'a . - : 616±18 660±19 . ; .

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Sur les changements du gradient vertical de temperature dans le brouillard de Rayonnement     

Mr. Alfred Urfer 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1956,34(1):231-245

Résumé Des sondages aérologiques, par ballon captif équipé d'un météorographe, au sein d'une couche de brouillard de rayonnement dense et particulièrement persistante (épaisseur 300 m, durée 11 jours) ont permis à l'auteur de mettre en évidence d'importants changements internes du gradient de température. Il les décompose en trois phases d'évolution successives suivant la densité du brouillard: 1) inversion; 2) isothermie et 3) gradient approximatif de l'adiabatique saturée. De plus, il met en évidence l'existence éphémère de tranches d'air à gradient thermique nettement suradiabatique se formant au sommet de la couche nuageuse par suite du rayonnement et de l'évaporation vers l'espace. On émet l'hypothèse que ces tranches instables sont mobiles vers le bas et servent à refroidir l'ensemble de la couche de brouillard d'où, par la suite, changement progressif du gradient thermique interne.

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Summary During a long period of dense radiation fog (11 days, 1000 ft. thick), a meteorograph attached to a captive balloon was used to investigate the vertical temperature-lapse-rate. The records reveal three consecutive phases in the development of the fog: i. inversion; ii. isothermal state; iii. approximately saturated-adiabatic lapserate.Owing to radiation and evaporation, the top layer often shows instability. The results of the observations seem to support the author's hypothesis that the instable layer gradually spreads downward while the temperature decreases in the whole fog.

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Zusammenfassung Während einer besonders lang andauernden Nebelperiode (11 Tage) waren in der dichten Nebelschicht (300 m) aerologische Sondierungen mit Hilfe eines an einem Fesselballon befestigten Meteorographen durchgeführt worden, die erlaubt hatten, grundlegende Veränderungen des Temperaturgradienten festzustellen. Je nach Dichte des Nebels können 3 Entwicklungsstufen beobachtet werden: 1. Inversion; 2. Isothermie und 3. beinahe Feuchtadiabate. Ueberadiabatische Gradienten, die sich an der Nebeloberfläche durch Ausstrahlung und Verdunstung gegen die freie Atmosphäre bilden, werden besonders hervorgehoben. Es wird vermutet, dass sich diese instabilen Luftpakete nach unten bewegen, die ganze Nebelschicht auskühlen und somit eine progressive interne Aenderung des Temperaturgradienten hervorrufen.

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