Le centenaire de la société Roumaine de géographie (1875–1975)The centennial celebration of the Romanian society of geographical sciences (1875–1975)Hundert jahre Rumänische geographische gesellschart (1875–1975)     

Ion Şandru 《Geoforum》1975,6(1):9-14

The Geographical Society in Romania — founded 15–27 June 1875 — plays an important part in the development of modern Romanian scientific geography. It supports school geography with educational plans and programmes by various treatises and textbooks. The Society has promoted geographical research by recommending several themes relating to Romanian territory, and by publication. In its first decades of activity (1875–1920), it initiated, promoted and supported geographical explorations and expeditions to less-known areas of the world.Its publication — The Bulletin of the Romanian Geographical Society — dealt with especially the results of scientific research work, and the journals Atetura (1949–1968) and Terra (from 1969) published studies, geographical syntheses and methodological articles.The 4000 members of the Geographical Society of Romania are grouped in over 50 branches. The Society has a wide and varied collaboration with many other geographical societies and institutes. In Romania, the Society works with the Institute of Geography, the departments of geography in universities and other institutions.After the experience of the years 1890–1900 (when 32 county dictionaries and the great geographical dictionaries to Romania in 5 volumes were produced), at present the members of our Society are working on 39 geographical monographs to the counties of the S.R. of Romania and the guide to the municipality of Bucharest.  相似文献   

Spatial variability of chilling temperature in Turkey and its effect on human comfort     

H. Toros  A. Deniz  L. Şaylan  O. Şen  M. Baloğlu 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2005,88(1-2):107-118

Summary Air temperature, absolute humidity and wind speed are the most important meteorological parameters that affect human thermal comfort. Because of heat loss, the human body feels air temperatures different to actual temperatures. Wind speed is the most practical element for consideration in terms of human comfort. In winter, due to the strong wind speeds, the sensible temperature is generally colder than the air temperature. This uncomfortable condition can cause problems related to tourism, heating and cooling. In this study, the spatial and temporal distributions of cooling temperatures and Wind Chill Index (WCI) are analyzed for Turkey, and their effect on the human body is considered. In this paper, monthly cooling temperatures between October and March in the years 1929 to 1990 are calculated by using measured temperature and wind speed at 79 stations in Turkey. The influence of wind chill is especially observed in the regions of the Aegean, west and middle Black Sea and east and central Anatolia. The wind chill in these regions has an uncomfortable effect on the human body. Usually, the WCI value is higher in western, northern and central Anatolia than in other regions.  相似文献   

An alternative approach for extreme value statistics of climatologic dependent variables in small samples     

Z. Şen 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1997,58(3-4):169-173

Summary Extreme event analysis of meteorological variables by conventional statistical methods does not meet the necessary mathematical assumptions such as the independence of successive occurrences. An alternative method is proposed for analyzing extreme values of dependent variables by considering all the extreme values above a threshold value in finite samples. The probability for the maximum event in a given finite sequence of dependent meteorological variables is derived explicitly.With 1 Figure  相似文献   

Spatiotemporal dry and wet spell duration distributions in southwestern Saudi Arabia     

M. S. Alyamani  Z. Şen 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1997,57(3-4):165-179

Summary Regional dry and wet spell durations within a 15 year period are mapped for the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia for summer and winter. If the number of spells is plotted versus duration a straight-line results on semi-logarithmic paper for most stations. However, a few stations exhibit two or three different slopes showing the effect of local climate. Simple regression equations are proposed for the dry or wet spell duration at any station allowing the mapping of regional variation for the entire study area. Such maps are useful tools in the assessment of the spatial and/or temporal wet and dry period duration for the area between stations. Similar maps could be developed for other parts of the world.With 10 Figures  相似文献   

Tertiary evolution of the central Menderes Massif based on structural investigations of metamorphics and sedimentary cover rocks between Salihli and Kiraz (western Turkey)     

Ergun Gokten  Talat Havzoğlu  Ömür Şan 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2001,89(4):745-756

Augen gneisses, mica schists, and marbles of the Menderes Massif and its sedimentary cover rocks are exposed south of the Gediz graben. The augen gneisses form the structurally lowest part of the studied lithological sequence, and are overlain by a schist complex. The structurally highest part is formed by a series of marbles. The ages of this lithological sequence range from Precambrian to Early Paleocene. Furthermore, this sequence records the tectonic evolution since the Precambrian. The sedimentary cover of the Menderes Massif consists of two groups of sediments from Early Miocene to Quaternary. The lower group, the Alayehir group, consists of Early- to mid-Miocene-aged fluvial and limnic sediments which form the lower and the upper parts, respectively. The Alayehir group is overlain by mainly fluvial sediments of the Gediz group. Both the Alayehir and the Gediz groups are separated by an angular unconformity. Six deformational phases could be distinguished within the metamorphic rocks of the Menderes Massif and its Tertiary cover. The structures which were interpreted to belong to deformational events predating the Paleocene are summarized as deformational phase D1. D1 structures were nearly completely overprinted by the subsequent deformation events. The second deformational phase D2 occurred between Early Eocene and Early Oligocene. D2 occurred contemporaneously with a Barrovian-type regional metamorphism. The third deformational phase D3 is characterized by folding of the axial planes which formed at the end of Early Oligocene. The deformational event D4 occurred during the Late Oligocene and is related to an extensional period. The deposition of the sedimentary rocks which belong to the Tertiary cover of the Menderes Massif that started in the Early Miocene was interrupted by a compressional phase (D5) during the Late Miocene. Sediments which were deposited since the Early Pliocene record structures which were related to a young extensional phase (D6). This extensional phase has continued to the Present.  相似文献   

Die Alpiden und die Kimmeriden: Die verdoppelte Geschichte der Tethys     

Dr. A. M. Celâl Şengör 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1985,74(2):181-213

Zusammenfassung Das Alpen-Himalaja-System besteht, zwischen den Karpaten und der pazifischen Küste Asiens, aus zwei voneinander unabhängigen, aber einander weitgehend überlagernden orogenen Komplexen. Der hier Kimmeriden genannte ältere Komplex ist durch die Destruktion der Paläo-Tethys, des ursprünglichen, sich nach Osten erweiternden Pangäagolfes zwischen Laurasien und dem Kimmerischen Kontinent in einem Intervall zwischen dem Unterkarbon und Unterkreide entstanden. In seiner Geschichte sind auch die kontinentalen Blöcke von Nord- und Südchina und Annamia sowie eine Anzahl von viel kleineren Fragmenten beteiligt gewesen. Der jüngere, hier als Alpiden bezeichnet, ist durch die Subduktion der Neo-Tethys und örtliche Kollision verschiedener Teile des zersplitterten Gondwana-Landes mit Eurasien zwischen dem Oberjura und der Gegenwart zustandegekommen. Wo die ursprüngliche Breite des Kimmerischen Zwischenkontinents klein war, besteht heute eine fast vollständige Überlagerung der Kimmeriden durch die Alpiden, wobei die Erkennung der ersteren sehr erschwert ist. In Regionen, wo bedeutende Kontinentalstücke zwischen den beiden Orogenkomplexen vorkommen, sind sie leicht voneinander unterscheidbar. Die Kimmeriden enthalten ein geflochtenes Narbennetz, entlang welchem Ozeanschließung zu verschiedenen Zeiten stattfand. Die kimmeridischen Kollisionen haben auch ein ausgedehntes kratonisches Deformationsfeld zwischen dem Dnjepr-Donetz-Becken südöstlich Europas und dem östlichen Sibirien ins Leben gerufen, das durch Horizontalverschiebungen, Zerrungs- und Pressungsbecken und »Inversionen« verschiedenen Stils gekennzeichnet ist. Einige dieser Strukturen waren posthum in bezug auf ältere und viele haben die Platznahme späterer Strukturen der Alpiden stark beeinflußt. Diese Sachlage hat den Anschein langlebiger bodenständiger Strukturen erzeugt, was in der Tat der Ausdruck verschiedener, voneinander ganz unabhängiger, aber gleichorientierter Verformungsfelder zu sein scheint und mit den Strukturen selbst nicht viel zu tun hat. Die Kimmeriden scheinen gewaltige »orogenic Collages« zu enthalten und viel komplizierter als die Alpiden zu sein. Diese orogenen Collages enthalten viele exotische Blöcke panthalassischer Herkunft und große Areale von Akkretionskomplexen auf ozeanischem Boden, wie derjenige des Songpan-Ganzi-Systems in China. Die Erkennung einer »verdoppelten« Geschichte der Tethys führt uns zu einem verbesserten Verständnis der Tektonik nicht nur des Tethysraumes, sondern ganz Eurasiens.

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The Alpme-Himalayan-System consists, between the Carpathians and the Asiatic shores of the Pacific, of two independent, but largely superimposed orogenic complexes. The older complex, here called theCimmerides, formed between the early Carboniferous and the early Cretaceous by the destruction of Palaeo-Tethys, the original, eastwards-widening gulf of Pangaea between Laurasia and the Cimmerian Continent. The continental blocks of North and South China and Annamia, as well as a number of much smaller fragments also participated in its history. The younger one, here designated theAlpides, formed between the late Jurassic and the present by subduction of Neo-Tethys and, locally, by the collision with Eurasia of various fragments of the dispersed Gondwana-Land. Where the original width of the Cimmerian Continent had been small, the superposition of the Cimmerides by the Alpides was nearly complete and the recognition now of the former is therefore very difficult. In regions, where the width of continental pieces lying between the two orogenic complexes is large, both can be distinguished easily. The Cimmerides contain a multi-strand suture network along which ocean closure occured at different times. Cimmeride collisions also generated a vast field of cratonic deformations between the Dnyepr-Donets basin in southeastern Europe and eastern Siberia that is characterised by strike-slip faults, both extensional and compressional basins, and various kinds of >inversion< structures. Some of these structures nucleated on older ones and many also localised the later Alpide structures. This has given the impression of the existence of >autochthonous<, long-lived structures, although every >reactivation< event was the result of entirely independent but similarly-orientated strain fields whose origins had little to do with the structures themselves. The Cimmerides seem to be a more complicated orogenic system than the Alpides, involving large >orogenic collages< probably containing numerous exotic blocks of Panthalassan origin and large areas of accretionary complexes on oceanic substratum, such as that of Songpan-Ganzi of China. The recognition of a >double< history of Tethys leads to a better understanding of the tectonics not only of the Tethyan area, but also of entire Eurasia.

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Résumé Le système Alpes-Himalaya se compose, entre les Car-pathes et la côte pacifique de l'Asie, de deux complexes orogéniques indépendants l'un de l'autre, mais largement superposés l'un à l'autre. Le plus ancien complexe, appelé ici lesCimmérides, s'estformé entre le Carbonifère inférieur et le Crétacé inférieur lors de la disparition de la Paléo-Téthys, c'est-à-dire du golf équatorial Permo-Triassique de la Pangée compris entre la Laurasie et le Continent Cimmérien. Dans ce développement sont également impliqués les blocs continentaux de la Chine septentrionale, de la Chine méridionale, de l'Annamia, ainsi qu'un certain nombre de fragments beaucoup plus petits. Par ailleurs, le complexe plus récent, appelé ici lesAlpides, s'est formé entre le Jurassique supérieur et la période actuelle par la subduction de la Néo-Téthys et des collisions locales de morceaux épars du continent de Gondwana avec l'Eurasie. Là où la largeur initiale du continent cimmérien était faible, on trouve aujourd'hui une superposition complète des deux complexes orogéniques, ce qui rend très difficile la mise en évidence du système le plus ancien. Au contraire, là où des blocs continentaux importants séparent les deux orogènes, leur distinction est facile. Les Cimmérides sont caractérisées par un réseau de sutures multiples, témoin des fermetures océaniques qui se sont produites à différentes époques. Les collisions cimmérides ont également donné lieu à un vaste champ de déformations cratoniques entre le bassin du Dnieper-Donetz (Europe du Sud-Est) et la Sibérie orientale. Ces déformations consistent en décrochements, en bassins d'extension ou de compression et en inversions de divers styles. Certaines de ces structures ont pris naissance de manière posthume sur des structures antérieures, et bon nombre d'entre elles ont à leur tour influencé la localisation des structures des Alpides. Cet état de choses a pu faire croire à l'existence de structures »autochtones« jouant pendant de longues durées; en fait leurs réactivations sont l'efet de champs de déformations successifs, indépendants. l'un de l'autre, mais d'orientation commune, et dont l'origine n'a pas grand chose à voir avec les structures elles-mêmes. Les Cimmérides semblent comporter de gigantesques »collages« orogéniques et, de ce fait, sont plus compliquées que les Alpides. Ces collages orogéniques contiennent beaucoup de blocs exotiques d'origine panthalassique et de grands domaines de complexes d'accrétion sur fond océanique, tel le système Songpan-Ganzi en Chine. La mise en évidence d'une double histoire de la Téthys conduit à une meilleure connaissance de la tectonique non seulement du domaine téthysien, mais aussi de toute l'Eurasie.

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Diese Arbeit ist meinem lieben und verehrten, vor drei Jahren nach fruchtbarster Arbeit durch den Tod entrissenen Freund Prof. Dr. J. Hennig Illies als ein Zeichen meiner Dankbarkeit gewidmet.  相似文献   

Biostratigraphy and floristic evolution of coal swamp floras of a part of Talcher Basin,India: a window on a Permian temperate ecosystem     

Shreerup Goswami  Kamaljyoti Das  Mrutyunjaya Sahoo  Soumyaranjan Bal  Sanghamitra Pradhan  Kamal Jeet Singh  Anju Saxena 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(17):524

The present megafloral assemblage recorded from the Barakar sediments of Dholpahar section along Singda rivulet near Gopal Prasad Village in Talcher Basin comprises of equisetaceous stems, Gangamopteris buriadica, Palaeovittaria kurzii and 19 species of the genus Glossopteris. Record of Gangamopteris, Palaeovittaria and many narrow mesh forms of Glosspteris viz., G. angustifolia, G. churiensis, G. communis, G. recurva, G. spatulata, G. stenoneura, G. tenuifolia, G. vulgaris and G. zeilleri from two older fossiliferous horizons demonstrates that these fossils were preserved during Lower Barakar sedimentation. The report of middle and broad mesh forms of Glossopteris viz., G. barakarensis, G. browniana, G. indica, G. intermittens, G. karharbariensis, G. nakkarea, G. oldhamii, G. taeniensis and G. retifera in the youngest fossiliferous horizons reveals that these fossils were preserved during the deposition of Upper Barakar sediments. The continuation of some of the Karharbari plant fossils in the early phase of Barakar Formation and their disappearance in the flora of Late Barakar suggests a shift in the climatic setup. Palaeoclimate and palaeovegetation of this area are also summarised in this study. Moreover, the fossil assemblages of different fossiliferous beds of Dholpahar section demonstrate the evolution of midrib and meshes in different reticulate leaves.  相似文献   

Automatic determination of 3D orientations of fossilized oyster shells from a densely packed Miocene shell bed     

Puttonen  Ana  Harzhauser  Mathias  Puttonen  Eetu  Mandic  Oleg  Székely  Balázs  Molnár  Gábor  Pfeifer  Norbert 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2018,107(6):2125-2142

International Journal of Earth Sciences - Shell beds represent a useful source of information on various physical processes that cause the depositional condition. We present an automated method to...  相似文献   

Solar radiation and precipitable water modeling for Turkey using artificial neural networks   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ozan Şenkal 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2015,127(4):481-488

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Variability of local PM10 mass concentrations in connection with blocking air circulation     

Sabina Ştefan  Iuliana Roman 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2015,127(3):333-343

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