Investigations into critical earthquake load models within deterministic and probabilistic frameworks     

A. M. Abbas  C. S. Manohar 《地震工程与结构动力学》2002,31(4):813-832

This paper deals with the determination of critical earthquake load models for linear structures subjected to single‐point seismic inputs. The primary objective of this study is to examine the realism in critical excitations and critical responses vis a vis the framework adopted for the study and constraints that these excitations are taken to satisfy. Two alternative approaches are investigated. In the first approach, the critical earthquake is expressed in terms of a Fourier series that is modulated by an enveloping function that imparts transient nature to the inputs. The Fourier coefficients are taken to be deterministic and are constrained to satisfy specified upper and lower bounds. Estimates on these bounds, for a given site, are obtained by analysing past earthquake records from the same site or similar sites. The unknown Fourier coefficients are determined such that the response of a given structure is maximized subjected to these bounds and additional constraints on intensity, peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity and peak ground displacement. In the second approach, the critical earthquake is modelled as a partially specified non‐stationary Gaussian random process which is defined in terms of a stationary random process of unknown power spectral density (psd) function modulated by a deterministic envelope function. The input is constrained to possess specified variance and average zero crossing rate. Additionally, a new constraint in terms of entropy rate representing the expected level of disorder in the excitation is also imposed. The unknown psd function of the stationary part of the input is determined so that the response of a given structure is maximized. The optimization problem in both these approaches is solved by using sequential quadratic programming method. The procedures developed are illustrated by considering the seismic response of a tall chimney and an earth dam. It is concluded that the imposition of lower and upper bounds on Fourier coefficients in the first approach and constraints on amount of disorder in the second approach are crucial in arriving at realistic critical excitations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Incoming solar radiation measurements in Iraq and their presentation     

M. A. Abbas  M. K. Elnesr 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1974,112(5):753-763

Summary Measurements of the total incoming solar radiation on a horizontal surface have been recorded since 1967 at a network of actinometric stations in Iraq. The instrument used at each of these stations is a bimetallic actinograph of the Robitzsch type. The stations at Mosul, Baghdad and Nasiriya have been selected, to represent respectively the northern, central and southern climatic zones of Iraq.This paper examines from the available records at these stations, until August 1973, the differnt aspects of radiation climatology which are important in solar energy utilizations. The mean annual, monthly and daily radiation; the number of days in which the radiation has exceeded certain given limits and the periods of successive days having radiation less than 100 and 250 cal cm^–2 day^–1 have been studied and presented in tabular and graphical forms suitable for direct application.To architects and engineers interested in the availability of solar radiation on vertical and inclined surfaces, the hourly radiation values for Baghdad have been studied for the different months of the year and the corresponding isopleths on the horizontal have been drawn.  相似文献   

Occurrence and biomarker potential of 23-methyl steroids in diatoms and sediments     

Sebastiaan W. Rampen  Stefan Schouten  Ellen C. Hopmans  Ben Abbas  Anna A.M. Noordeloos  Jan A.J. Geenevasen  J. Michael Moldowan  Peter Denisevich  Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté 《Organic Geochemistry》2009,40(2):219-228

23-Methyl sterols have been reported to be synthesized by a few marine algae, but unambiguous identification of 23-methyl steroids in sediments and petroleum is lacking. We report the presence of 23-methylcholesta-5,22E-dien-3β-ol in 14 out of 106 diatom cultures, thereby showing that diatoms, together with dinoflagellates, may be an important environmental source for such steroids. Synthesis of authentic 23-methylcholestanes showed that their mass spectra are identical to those of 24-methylcholestanes, but that they elute earlier on apolar stationary phases during gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Co-injection of the authentic standards with sediment extracts revealed the presence of these compounds in the Skole unit of the Oligocene Menelite Formation, the Miocene Monterey Formation and the Messinian Vena del Gesso Formation. In addition, we tentatively identified 23,24-dimethyl-27-norcholestanes in some of these sediments. Molecular clock calculations suggest that diatoms are a possible source for 23-methyl steroids in sediments and petroleum from the late Jurassic onwards.  相似文献   

Stability Analysis and the Stabilisation of Flexural Toppling Failure   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mehdi Amini  Abbas Majdi  Ömer Aydan 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2009,42(5):751-782

Flexural toppling is a mode of failure that may occur in a wide range of layered rock strata in both rock slopes and large underground excavations. Whenever rock mass is composed of a set of parallel discontinuities dipping steeply against the excavated face plane, the rock mass will have the potential of flexural toppling failure as well. In such cases, the rock mass behaves like inclined superimposed cantilever beams that bend under their own weight while transferring the load to the underlying strata. If the bending stress exceeds the rock column’s tensile strength, flexural toppling failure will be initiated. Since the rock columns are “statically indeterminate,” thus, their factors of safety may not be determined solely by equations of equilibrium. The paper describes an analytical model with a sequence of inclined superimposed cantilever rock columns with a potential of flexural topping failure. The model is based on the principle of compatibility equations and leads to a new method by which the magnitudes and points of application of intercolumn forces are determined. On the basis of the proposed model, a safety factor for each rock column can be computed independently. Hence, every rock column will have a unique factor of safety. The least factor of safety that exists in any rock column is selected as the rock mass representative safety factor based on which simple equations are proposed for a conservative rock mass stability analysis and design. As a result, some new relations are established in order to design the length, cross-sectional area and pattern of fully grouted rock bolts for the stabilisation of such rock mass. Finally, the newly proposed equations are compared with the results of existing experimental flexural toppling failure models (base friction and centrifuge tests) for further verification.  相似文献   

Climate change adaptation: a systematic review on domains and indicators     

Salehi  Shiva  Ardalan  Ali  Garmaroudi  Gholamreza  Ostadtaghizadeh  Abbas  Rahimiforoushani  Abbas  Zareiyan  Armin 《Natural Hazards》2019,96(1):521-550

In recent years, climate change has been one of the most complicated problems that human being has faced. Climate change adaptation (CCA) is considered to be an important component of risk management. In order to achieve adaptation, it is necessary to determine the indicators influencing adaptation in each community and this requires measurement and standard tools. The aim of this study is to determine and categorize the indicators of CCA. International electronic databases including Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar were investigated for only articles published in English language. In addition, Iranian databases including Irandoc, SID, and Magiran were investigated. There was no limitation on the methods of studies. Furthermore, snowball method was used for finding more articles while the ProQuest database was searched for related dissertations. The published documents from 1990 to November 2017 were gathered in this study. Out of 4439 publications initially search, 152 full texts were investigated. Finally, a total of 45 potentially relevant citations were included for full text review; in addition, fourteen other sources were investigated. Using snowball method, we found 24 other articles that were included in our final result. From the searches, 176 indicators were identified, while seven main domains were mentioned. Since in the articles, domains of adaptation are not in the form of a model, it is better to focus on this issue in the future and it seems that prioritizing and weighting domains in adaptation in different communities with different needs are an important issue.

  相似文献   

Discussion of ‘A new approach of selecting real input ground motions for seismic design: The most unfavourable real seismic design ground motions’ by C‐H Zhai and L‐L Xie     

Abbas Moustafa 《地震工程与结构动力学》2009,38(9):1143-1149

This discussion consists of two parts. The first part raises a few comments and questions on the method presented in the above paper. The second part proposes a measure for identifying resonant accelerograms in a set of earthquake records without the need for pre‐processing of the records or inclusion of the structure dynamic analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Temporal changes in the physical properties and chemical composition of the municipal water supply of Shahrood<Emphasis Type="Bold">,</Emphasis> northeastern Iran     

Gholam?Abbas?KazemiEmail author 《Hydrogeology Journal》2004,12(6):723-734

A systematic monitoring program was implemented in 1999 to evaluate the temporal changes in the physical properties and chemical composition of water from the Shahrood Qanat, which provides 30% of Shahroods municipal water needs. A qanat is a near-horizontal gallery which yields water by gravity. The results show that the physical properties, in contrast to the concentration of ions, are in an almost steady state condition and the slight variations are due to the travel time of water in the qanat gallery, the mixing of qanat water, the seasonal temperature fluctuation, and the likely unavoidable errors associated with long-term monitoring. They also show that severe drought during the past nine years has not yet affected the groundwater quality. The TDS of the qanat water is relatively low and the water is of the calcium-bicarbonate type. However, the above average concentrations of nitrate (14.9 mg/L) and phosphate (0.105 mg/L) may reflect the impact of the excessive use of fertilizers in the capture zone of the qanat. High Ca, Mg, pH, and a higher-than-recommended hardness value reflect the influence of carbonate-rock formations on the groundwater composition. The study shows that systematic monitoring is required to identify the erroneous data, to optimize the monitoring program and to characterize the water quality trend.

---

Resumen En 1999 fue implementado un programa intensivo y sistemático de monitoreo, para evaluar los cambios temporales en las propiedades físicas y en la composición química de la galería para captar agua tipo kanat de Shahrood. Los resultados muestran que las propiedades físicas se encuentran casi en una condición estacionaria y que las poco significativas y tenues variaciones, se deben al tiempo de viaje del agua en la galería kanat, a la mezcla del agua del kanat, a la fluctuación estacional de temperaturas y a los probables e inevitables errores asociados con el monitoreo de largo plazo. Con base en los resultados del presente estudio se determinó que las sequías más severas, ocurridas durante los últimos nueve años, no han afectado aún la calidad del agua subterránea. El contenido de TDS en el agua del kanat es relativamente bajo y el agua es del tipo bicarbonatada-calcica. Sin embargo las concentraciones por encima del promedio de nitratos (14.5 mg/L) y fosfatos (0.105 mg/L), reflejan el impacto del uso excesivo de fertilizantes en la zona de captura del kanat, sobre la calidad del agua subterránea. Los valores altos de Ca, Mg, pH y dureza reflejan la influencia de las formaciones carbonatadas sobre la composición del agua subterránea. El estudio muestra que se necesita un monitoreo sistemático para identificar los datos erróneos, lo mismo que para optimizar el programa de monitoreo y para predecir potenciales cambios futuros en la calidad del agua.

---

Résumé A partir de 1999 on a mis au point un programme de surveillance systématique pour évaluer les changements temporelle des propriétés physiques et chimiques de leau du captage de type qanat de Shahrood. Il a résulté que les propriétés physiques sont presque stationnaires, les variations insignifiants ayant dues au temps de transfert et au mélange de leau dans la galerie, aux variations saisonnières de la température ainsi quaux erreurs inévitables associées à une surveillance à long terme. Cet étude a montré aussi que la qualité de leau na pas été influencée par la période de neuf ans de sécheresse. Le résidu à sec de leau présente des variations assez faibles et leau appartient à la catégorie de Calcium-Bicarbonate. Tout de même les valeurs moyennes des concentrations en nitrates (14.5 mg/L) et en phosphates (0.105 mg/L) mettent en évidence limpact de lutilisation excessive des engrains dans les zones de captage de qanat de Shahrood. Les valeurs élevées de la concentrations en Ca et Mg, du pH et le fait que la dureté dépasse les limites recommandées mettent en évidence linfluence des carbonates de la matrice sur la composition des eaux souterraines. Cet étude montre aussi quil est nécessaire une surveillance systématique affin didentifier les données erronées, doptimiser le programme de monitoring et destimer les changements potentielles de la qualité de leau.

  相似文献   

Environmental impacts of the gypsum mining operation at Maqna area, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia     

Abbas Al-Harthi 《Environmental Geology》2001,41(1-2):209-218

  相似文献   

Comparative study of probable maximum precipitation and isohyetal maps for mountainous regions, Pakistan     

Muhammad Waseem Boot  Ghulam Nabi  Tanveer Abbas  HuiJun Jin  Ayesha Yousaf  Muhammad Azeem Boota 《寒旱区科学》2018,10(1):55-68

Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is widely used by hydrologists for appraisal of probable maximum flood (PMF) used for soil and water conservation structures, and design of dam spillways. A number of methods such as empirical, statistical and dynamic are used to estimate PMP, the most favored being statistical and hydro-meteorological. In this paper, PMP estimation in mountainous regions of Pakistan is studied using statistical as well as physically based hydro-meteorological approaches. Daily precipitation, dew point, wind speed and temperature data is processed to estimate PMP for a one-day duration. Maximum precipitation for different return periods is estimated by using statistical approaches such as Gumble and Log-Pearson type-III (LP-III) distribution. Goodness of fit (GOF) test, chi-square test, correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination were applied to Gumble and LP-III distributions. Results reveal that among statistical approaches, Gumble distribution performed the best result compared to LP-III distribution. Isohyetal maps of the study area at different return periods are produced by using the GIS tool, and PMP in mountainous regions varies from 150 to 320 mm at an average value of 230.83 mm. The ratio of PMP for one-day duration to highest observed rainfall (HOR) varied from 1.08 to 1.29 with an average value of 1.18. An appropriate frequency factor (K_m) is very important which is a function of mean for observed precipitation and PMP for 1-day duration, and K_m values varies from 2.54 to 4.68. The coefficient of variability (C_v) varies from minimum value of 28% to maximum value of 43.35%. It was concluded that the statistical approach gives higher results compared to moisture maximization (MM) approach. In the hydro-meteorological approach, moisture maximization (MM) and wind moisture maximization (WMM) techniques were applied and it was concluded that wind moisture maximization approach gives higher results of PMP as compared to moisture maximization approach as well as for Hershfield technique. Therefore, it is suggested that MM approach is the most favored in the study area for PMP estimation, which leads to acceptable results, compared to WMM and statistical approaches.  相似文献   

Effects of electromagnetic field on the collapse and expansion of anisotropic gravitating source     

G. Abbas 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2014,352(2):955-961

This paper is devoted to study the effects of electromagnetic on the collapse and expansion of anisotropic gravitating source. For this purpose, we have evaluated the generating solutions of Einstein–Maxwell field equations with spherically symmetric anisotropic gravitating source. We found that a single function generates the various anisotropic solutions. In this case every generating function involves an arbitrary function of time which can be chosen to fit several astrophysical time profiles. Two physical phenomenon occur, one is gravitational collapse and other is the cosmological expanding solution. In both cases electromagnetic field effects the anisotropy of the model. For collapse the anisotropy is increased while for expansion it deceases from maximum value to finite positive value. In case of collapse there exits two horizons like in case of Reissner–Nordström metric.  相似文献