Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: Performance of Tsunami Countermeasures, Coastal Buildings, and Tsunami Evacuation in Japan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anawat Suppasri  Nobuo Shuto  Fumihiko Imamura  Shunichi Koshimura  Erick Mas  Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2013,170(6-8):993-1018

In 2011, Japan was hit by a tsunami that was generated by the greatest earthquake in its history. The first tsunami warning was announced 3 min after the earthquake, as is normal, but failed to estimate the actual tsunami height. Most of the structural countermeasures were not designed for the huge tsunami that was generated by the magnitude M = 9.0 earthquake; as a result, many were destroyed and did not stop the tsunami. These structures included breakwaters, seawalls, water gates, and control forests. In this paper we discuss the performance of these countermeasures, and the mechanisms by which they were damaged; we also discuss damage to residential houses, commercial and public buildings, and evacuation buildings. Some topics regarding tsunami awareness and mitigation are discussed. The failures of structural defenses are a reminder that structural (hard) measures alone were not sufficient to protect people and buildings from a major disaster such as this. These defenses might be able to reduce the impact but should be designed so that they can survive even if the tsunami flows over them. Coastal residents should also understand the function and limit of the hard measures. For this purpose, non-structural (soft) measures, for example experience and awareness, are very important for promoting rapid evacuation in the event of a tsunami. An adequate communication system for tsunami warning messages and more evacuation shelters with evacuation routes in good condition might support a safe evacuation process. The combination of both hard and soft measures is very important for reducing the loss caused by a major tsunami. This tsunami has taught us that natural disasters can occur repeatedly and that their scale is sometimes larger than expected.  相似文献   

ISRM Suggested Method for Determining the Abrasivity of Rock by the CERCHAR Abrasivity Test     

Michael Alber  Olgay Yaralı  Filip Dahl  Amund Bruland  Heiko Käsling  Theodore N. Michalakopoulos  Marilena Cardu  Paul Hagan  Hamit Aydın  Ahmet Özarslan 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(1):261-266

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Beachrock as evidence of sea-level lowstand during the classical period,Parion antique city,Marmara Sea,Turkey     

Ahmet Evren Erginal 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-2):96-103

Results obtained from beachrock lying on the north coast of the antique city of Parion in Çanakkale province, NW Turkey, are presented based on field data, petrographic analyses, cement fabrics, and radiocarbon dating. Extending to 20?m offshore at a depth of ?2?m, the studied 50-cm thick beachrock is poorly sorted lithic sandstone. Both exposed and submerged parts are characterized by sequentially precipitated marine phreatic and vadose cements composed of micrite encrustations with micro-organism borings, pseudopeloidal aggregates of high-Mg calcites with scalenohedral habits and meniscus bridges. Radiocarbon ages point to a deposition during the classical period when the sea level was below (between ?1 and ?1.5?m) that of the present. The beachrock witnesses a granule- and pebble-dominated wide beach prior to cementation, suggesting that Parion’s fortification walls were behind the coastline during this lowstand and raises questions concerning the existence of a harbor north of the city.  相似文献   

Seismic performance evaluation of traditional timber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hımış</Emphasis> frames: capacity spectrum method based assessment     

Yasemin Didem Aktaş  Ahmet Türer 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2016,14(11):3175-3194

Timber constructions have been widely suggested to be seismically resistant based on post-disaster reconnaissance studies. This observation has, however, remained to a large extent anecdotal due to the lack of experimental work supporting it, especially for certain timber architectural forms, including traditional timber frame “h?m??” structures. To fill this gap, the authors carried out an extensive full-scale testing scheme using frames of various geometrical configurations, tested under reverse-cyclic lateral loading with/without infill (brick and adobe) or cladding (ba?dadi and ?amdolma) (Aktas et al. in Earthq Spectra 30(4):1711–1732, 2014a, b). The tests concluded that h?m?? frames had high energy dissipation capabilities due mostly to nailed connections. Infill/cladding significantly helped improve stiffness and lateral load strength of the frames, and timber type did not seem to make a remarkable impact on the overall behaviour. The current paper, on the other hand, uses test data to calculate capacity/demand ratios based on capacity spectrum method and Eurocode 8 to elaborate more on the performance of “h?m??” structures under seismic loading. The obtained results are discussed to draw important conclusions with regards to how frame geometry and infill/cladding techniques affect the overall performance.  相似文献   

Ocean Rise Instability in Coastal Clay Slopes and Possible Countermeasures: A Centrifuge Modeling Study     

Ahmet Pamuk  Thomas Zimmie  Korhan Adalier  Mahadzer Mahmud 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(1):58-66

Increase in saturation in natural clayey slopes along coastal zones as a result of tsunamis or storm surges may cause flow slides or failures. One of the common treatments is to increase the overall stability by soil replacement and/or re-compaction, which is often difficult to implement, expensive, and, most importantly, damages the natural vegetation. In this paper, remedial effectiveness of a relatively economical and environmentally friendly method involving insertion of geotextile strips with drainage capability into natural clayey slopes is evaluated through a series of centrifuge tests. The test results demonstrate the effectiveness of the employed technique to increase the stability of slopes and their drainage capability as well as to reduce the deformations under surcharge loadings.  相似文献   

Soil Strength Improvement by Microbial Cementation     

Yasin Dursun Sari 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(6):567-571

The biologically induced cementation (BioGrout) method has been used in this study to improve engineering properties of soil. Laboratory tests have been carried out to quantify the effect of BioGrout treatment on the strength of two types of sand by using Sporosarcina pasteurii bacteria. Bearing strength and other parameters, such as colony forming units (number of bacteria), pH level, temperature, and amount of CaCO₃, have also been studied. Calcification (cementation) through precipitation of CaCO₃ on the mineral surfaces has been clearly observed from the images of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Finally, the effect of sand material on the effectiveness of biocementation was investigated via employement of different sand types.  相似文献   

Turbidity Removal from Wastewaters of Natural Stone Processing by Coagulation/Flocculation Methods     

Bahri Ersoy  Ismail Tosun  Ahmet Günay  Sedef Dikmen 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2009,37(3):225-232

The effectiveness of coagulation (at pH values of 6, 7.5, and 9), flocculation (at pH 9), and coagulation plus flocculation (at pH 9) on turbidity removal from natural stone (travertine) processing wastewaters (NSPW) were examined by applying classical sedimentation tests. FeCl₃·6 H₂O, AlCl₃, and Al₂(SO₄)₃·16 H₂O were used as coagulants and a polyacrylamide based anionic polymer was used as the flocculant. In this way, it was found that the coagulation method alone was not sufficient to purify NSPW, whereas flocculation and coagulation plus flocculation methods provided superior purification. Among the coagulants used, AlCl₃ gave the best result in terms of turbidity removal by coagulation from NSPW at pH 6 and 9, whereas the turbidity removal performances of the three coagulants were almost identical at pH 7.5. In addition, relatively low pH (i. e., pH 6) improved the purification performance of all coagulants. During coagulation of NSPW at pH 6, a charge neutralization mechanism played a decisive role in turbidity removal. However, in neutral (pH 7.5) and slightly basic (pH 9) media, a sweep coagulation mechanism was predominant. For flocculation of NSPW, the basic mechanism comprised of polymer bridging.  相似文献   

Prediction of the unconfined compressive strength of compacted granular soils by using inference systems     

Ekrem Kalkan  Suat Akbulut  Ahmet Tortum  Samet Celik 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(7):1429-1440

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and artificial neural network (ANN) models have been extensively used to predict different soil properties in geotechnical applications. In this study, it was aimed to develop ANFIS and ANN models to predict the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of compacted soils. For this purpose, 84 soil samples with different grain-size distribution compacted at optimum water content were subjected to the unconfined compressive tests to determine their UCS values. Many of the test results (for 64 samples) were used to train the ANFIS and the ANN models, and the rest of the experimental results (for 20 samples) were used to predict the UCS of compacted samples. To train these models, the clay content, fine silt content, coarse silt content, fine sand content, middle sand content, coarse sand content, and gravel content of the total soil mass were used as input data for these models. The UCS values of compacted soils were output data in these models. The ANFIS model results were compared with those of the ANN model and it was seen that the ANFIS model results were very encouraging. Consequently, the results of this study have important findings indicating reliable and simple prediction tools for the UCS of compacted soils.  相似文献   

Development of a Tsunami Inundation Map in Detecting Tsunami Risk in Gulf of Fethiye,Turkey     

Derya Itir Dilmen  Serkan Kemec  Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner  Sebnem Düzgün  Andrey Zaytsev 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2015,172(3-4):921-929

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Investigation of Tsunami Hydrodynamic Parameters in Inundation Zones with Different Structural Layouts     

Ceren Ozer Sozdinler  Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner  Andrey Zaytsev 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2015,172(3-4):931-952

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