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561.
562.
Five separate polar motion series are examined in order to understand what portion of their variations at periods exceeding
several years represents true polar motion. The data since the development of space-geodetic techniques (by themselves insufficient
for study of long-period motion), and a variety of historical astrometric data sets, allow the following tentative conclusions:
retrograde long-period polar motion below about −0.2 cpy (cycles per year) in pre-space-geodetic data (pre-1976) is dominantly
noise. For 1976–1992, there is poor agreement between space-geodetic and astrometric series over the range −0.2 to +0.2 cpy,
demonstrating that classical astrometry lacked the precision to monitor polar motion in this frequency range. It is concluded
that all the pre-1976 astrometric polar motion data are likely to be dominated by noise at periods exceeding about 10 years.
The exception to this is possibly a linear trend found in some astrometric and space geodetic series. At frequencies above
prograde +0.2 cpy (periods shorter than about 5 years), historical astrometric data may be of sufficient quality for comparisons
with geophysical excitation time series. Even in the era of space geodesy, significant differences are found in long-period
variations in published polar motion time series.
Received: 27 March 2001 / Accepted: 15 October 2001 相似文献
563.
Alexandra Navrotsky Faivel S. Pintchovski Syun-Iti Akimoto 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1979,19(4):275-292
High temperature calorimetric measurements of the enthalpies of solution in molten if2 PbO · B2O3 of α- and γ-Fe2SiO4 and α-, β-, and γ-Co2SiO4 permit the calculation of phase relations at high pressure and temperature. The reported triple point involving α-, β-, and γ-Co2SiO4 is confirmed to represent stable equilibrium. The curvature in the α?β phase boundary in Co2SiO4 and of an α?γ boundary in Fe2SiO4 at high temperature is explained in part by the effects of compressibility and thermal expansion, but better agreement with the observed phase diagram is obtained when one considers the effect of small amounts of cation disorder in the spinel and/or modified spinel phases. The calculated ΔH0 and ΔS0 values for the α?β, α?γ, and β?γ transitions show that enthalpy and en changes both vary strongly in the series Mg, Fe, Co, and Ni, and are of equal importance in determining the stability relations. The disproportionation of Fe2SiO4 and Co2SiO4 spinel to rocksalt plus stishovite is calculated to occur in the 170–190 kbar region; cation disorder and/or changes in wüstite stoichiometry can affect the P?T slope. The calorimetric data for CoSiO3 and FeSiO3 are in good agreement with the observed phase boundary for pyroxene formation from olivine and quartz. The decomposition of pyroxene to spinel and stishovite at pressures near the coesite-stishovite transition is predicted in both iron and cobalt systems. The use of calorimetric data, obtained from small samples of high pressure phases, is very useful in predicting equilibrium phase diagrams in the 50–300 kbar range. 相似文献
564.
565.
The frequency-time finite element model TEA-NL is used to investigate tidal propagation and circulation in the English Channel and the southern North Sea, in the context of the Tidal Flow Forum benchmark. Quality of TEA-NL simulations, relative to both field data and simulations by other numerical models is discussed. Sensitivity analyses are performed with regard to the effect on accuracy of bottom friction, and the effect on computational cost of the strategy used to harmonically decompose and iterate non-linear loading terms in the shallow water equations. 相似文献
566.
Ivan Petrovic Peter J. Heaney Alexandra Navrotsky 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1996,23(2):119-126
Samples of microcrystalline silica varieties containing variable amounts of the new silica polymorph moganite (up to R~82 wt.%) have been studied by a combination of high temperature solution calorimetry using lead borate (2 PbO · B2O3) solvent and transposed temperature drop calorimetry near 977 K, in order to investigate the thermochemical stability of this new silica mineral. The enthalpy of solution at 977 K and the heat content (H977 — H298) of “pure” moganite phase were estimated to be -7.16 ± 0.35 kJ/mol and 43.62 ± 0.50 kJ/mol, respectively. The standard molar enthalpy of formation is-907.3 ± 1.2 kJ/mol. Thus, calorimetry strongly supports results of previous X-ray and Raman spectroscopic studies that moganite is a distinct silica polymorph. Its thermochemical instability relative to quartz at 298 K of 3.4 ± 0.7 kJ/mol is marginally higher than those of cristobalite and tridymite. Structurally, this instability may be related to the presence of distorted 4-membered rings of SiO4 tetrahedra, which are not found in the quartz structure. The metastability relative to quartz may also explain the apparent scarcity of moganite in altered rocks and in rocks that are older than 130 my. 相似文献
567.
Larry W. Finger Robert M. Hazen Jinmin Zhang Jaidong Ko Alexandra Navrotsky 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1993,19(6):361-368
Single crystals of five wadsleyite compositions, β-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4 with Fe/(Fe+Mg)=0.00, 0.08, 0.16, 0.25 and 0.40, have been synthesized at high temperature and pressure in a uniaxial, split-sphere apparatus. Crystal structures of these samples, determined by x-ray diffraction techniques, reveal that iron is significantly ordered: Fe is depleted in the M2 octahedron, while it is enriched in M1 and M3. The most iron-rich synthetic sample, which falls well outside previous estimates of wadsleyite stability, raises questions regarding published Mg2SiO4-Fe2SiO4 phase diagrams at transition zone conditions. 相似文献
568.
569.
Nota sobre la profundidad hipocentral del sismo del apenino toscano-romañol de 11 de febrero de 1939
Ing. Vicente Inglada 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1948,12(5-6):181-188
Resumen En la presente Nota se determina por el método deKöveslighèty, valiéndose de fórmulas especiales y una variante que simplifica el cálculo extraordinariamente, la profundidad del sismo del Apenino toscano-romañol de 11 de febrero de 1939. Se obtiene para ella el valorh=6871 metros, que está en muy buen acuerdo con los dos de 7 y 10 km, obtenidos por el Prof.P. Caloi, valiéndose de los sismogramas registrados en las Estaciones próximas. Al final se hecen algunas consideraciones acerca de las ventajas, que, en ciertos casos, ofrece dicho metodo.Esta Nota va dedicada, como prueba de gran consideración y afecto, a nuestro querido amigo e ilustre Sismólogo Dr.G. Agamennone, con ocasión del homenaje que se le tributa en su 90° aniversario. 相似文献
570.
Antonio Pulido‐Bosch José Delgado Fernando Sola Ángela Vallejos Fernando Vicente Juan M. López‐Sánchez Jordi J. Mallorquí 《水文研究》2012,26(5):731-740
Ground subsidence of detrital deposits in the Almería basin (SE Spain) was studied using the remote sensing technique of Differential Interferometry SAR (DInSAR). This basin is one of the most arid in Europe, receiving an average rainfall of 250 mm per year. Over the last 60 years the region has experienced an enormous agricultural and urban expansion, whose water demand has been largely supplied from groundwater, leading to the current situation of overexploitation of water resources. This paper outlines the likely relationship between groundwater abstraction and subsidence. To this end, 34 ERS and Envisat images, taken between 2003 and 2009, were analysed to estimate ground surface deformations, and hence, compared with water table variations measured in a number of piezometers in the basin. The analysis shows a clear parallelism between the variations in piezometric level and deformation of the ground surface. In addition, the zones of greatest subsidence coincide with those areas where groundwater abstractions are concentrated. Subsidence over the examined period varies from 10 to 30 mm, with extreme values as high as 50 mm, which translates to a rate of between 1·7 and 5 mm/year, reaching maximum rates of 8 mm/year at some points. Given such subsidence rates, damage to urban infrastructures are, for the moment, incipient. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献