Land restoration in food security programmes: synergies with climate change mitigation     

Dominic Woolf  Dawit Solomon  Johannes Lehmann 《Climate Policy》2018,18(10):1260-1270

Food-insecure households in many countries depend on international aid to alleviate acute shocks and chronic shortages. Some food security programmes (including Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program–PSNP – which provides a case study for this article) have integrated aid in exchange for labour on public works to reduce long-term dependence by investing in the productive capacity and resilience of communities. Using this approach, Ethiopia has embarked upon an ambitious national programme of land restoration and sustainable land management. Although the intent was to reduce poverty, here we show that an unintended co-benefit is the climate-change mitigation from reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increased landscape carbon stocks. The article first shows that the total reduction in net GHG emissions from PSNP’s land management at the national scale is estimated at 3.4 million?Mg?CO₂e?y^?1 – approximately 1.5% of the emissions reductions in Ethiopia’s Nationally Determined Contribution for the Paris Agreement. The article then explores some of the opportunities and constraints to scaling up of this impact.

Key policy insights

• Food security programmes (FSPs) can contribute to climate change mitigation by creating a vehicle for investment in land and ecosystem restoration.

• Maximizing mitigation, while enhancing but not compromising food security, requires that climate projections, and mitigation and adaptation responses should be mainstreamed into planning and implementation of FSPs at all levels.

• Cross-cutting oversight is required to integrate land restoration, climate policy, food security and disaster risk management into a coherent policy framework.

• Institutional barriers to optimal implementation should be addressed, such as incentive mechanisms that reward effort rather than results, and lack of centralized monitoring and evaluation of impacts on the physical environment.

• Project implementation can often be improved by adopting best management practices, such as using productive living livestock barriers where possible, and increasing the integration of agroforestry and non-timber forest products into landscape regeneration.

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A stepwise screening system to select storm-sensitive stalagmites: Taking a targeted approach to speleothem sampling methodology     

Amy Benoit Frappier   《Quaternary International》2008,187(1):25

A stepwise stalagmite sample screening process was applied in order to select a stalagmite as a sensitive recorder of recent tropical cyclone rainfall events near Belize. Field and laboratory criteria were combined in series, to screen out candidate stalagmites whose characteristics indicated lower sensitivity to stormwater infiltration. The approach described here was designed to increase the likelihood that selected stalagmites would increase the signal:noise ratio of the target phenomenon in the resulting proxy records. This four-stage method for sample selection may be an important methodological consideration for researchers attempting to use speleothems for stable isotope paleotempestology. Hallmarks of this approach include: (1) establishing a priori scientific targets, (2) applying sample criteria in the form of contra-indicators, and (3) organizing the sample screening protocol into a series of practical stages. The overall approach to stalagmite selection presented here supports cave conservation, and can be adapted readily by others in support of different scientific goals. It is hoped that other investigators will also publish field and laboratory sample selection schemes, as increased transparency will provide new information invaluable to replication efforts and to advancing the field of speleothem paleo-environmental studies.  相似文献   

Patterns of Plant Diversity in Georgia and Texas Salt Marshes     

Amy E. Kunza  Steven C. Pennings 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(4):673-681

A fundamental question in ecology is how biological interactions and biogeographic processes interact to determine the biodiversity of local sites. We quantified patterns of plant species diversity on transects across elevation at 59 salt marsh sites in Georgia and 49 sites in Texas. Although these regions have similar climates and floras, we anticipated that diversity might differ because of differences in tidal regime. Diversity was measured at global, regional, site, and plot scales to consider processes occurring at all levels. Species pools were similar between regions. Texas had greater diversity at the site and plot scales, suggesting that processes occurring at the site scale differed. The greater diversity of Texas sites and plots was associated with wider distributions of individual species across the marsh landscape and proportionally more middle marsh (a high diversity zone) and less low marsh (a low diversity zone) than in Georgia marshes. Preliminary data suggested that these differences were not due to differences in salinity regime or standing biomass between regions, leaving differences in tidal regime as the most plausible hypothesis accounting for differences in plant diversity. We speculate that the less-predictable tidal regime in Texas leads to temporal variation in abiotic conditions that limit the ability of any one species to competitively exclude others from particular marsh zones.  相似文献   

Tectonostratigraphic and geochronologic constraints on evolution of the northeast Paleotethys from the Songpan-Ganzi complex, central China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Amy L. Weislogel 《Tectonophysics》2008,451(1-4):331-345

The Middle to Late Triassic deep-water deposits that form the Songpan-Ganzi complex (SGC) of central China comprise an estimated ~ 2.0 × 10⁶ km³ of detrital material that accumulated in the northeasternmost branch of the Paleotethys. A review of existing data demonstrates significant spatial and temporal variations in the stratigraphic and petrologic character of these turbidites. These variations are used to divide the complex into different depocenters: a northeastern depocenter (SGC-NE), a eastern–central depocenter (SGC-EC) and a northwestern depocenter (SGC-NW). Turbidite strata of the SGC-NE and SGC-EC zones of the Songpan-Ganzi complex are linked to the collision of the North China and South China blocks, whereas turbidite strata of the SGC-NW area are likely to be more closely affiliated with evolution of the Kunlun deformation belt. To test the validity of the Songpan-Ganzi stratigraphic framework and interpretations of its tectonostratigraphic evolution, sixty-eight U–Pb zircon ages were determined from five samples of felsic intrusive igneous rock, two samples from felsic plutonic rock of the adjacent Yidun arc complex, and one sample of volcanic rock interbedded with Middle Triassic turbidites of the SGC using the Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe-Reverse Geometry (SHRIMP-RG). Together these data indicate primarily Late Triassic (~ 214–211 Ma) felsic magmatism in the SGC, with some indication of magmatic activity beginning as early as Middle Triassic (220 Ma). Zircon ages from the Yidun arc complex support Middle–Late Triassic magmatism from 225–215 Ma, prior to deformation of the SGC, suggesting deformation of the SGC was not related to subduction of the SGC substrate southwestward beneath the Yidun arc. Inherited Neoproterozoic (880–740 Ma) zircon ages found in two samples from the SGC-EC indicate either inheritance of zircon crystals from the surrounding SGC turbidite strata or possibly involvement of South China basement during crustal thickening and magma genesis.  相似文献   

Creating the taste of place in the United States: can we learn from the French?     

Amy B. Trubek  Sarah Bowen 《GeoJournal》2008,73(1):23-30

In the United States, there is a growing awareness of the implications of our globalized food system, a system that incorporates all manner of agriculture, food distribution, food processing and transformation, and consumption. The ever increasing distance between where our food is produced and where it is consumed has helped spur a movement to develop a system of place based foods. Right now multiple models are in play, including farmers markets, community supported agriculture, and the localvore movement. This article will do a close examination of another model from France, the French system of appellation d’origine contrôlée (AOC); nationally regulated by the French Ministry of Agriculture it supports and protects foods and drinks with unique links to particular territories. The AOC system is based on geographically distinct and historically specific food and drink found throughout France. By closely examining one AOC product—Comté cheese produced in the rural agricultural region in Jura—the authors consider the possibilities for an AOC-style system in the United States.  相似文献   

TG/plus—a pyrolysis method for following maturation of oil and gas generation zones using T_max of methane     

Jean Whelan  Robert Carangelo  Peter R. Solomon  Wallace G. Dow 《Organic Geochemistry》1990,16(4-6)

Thermogravimetric Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) analyses were carried out on two sets of isolated kerogens covering a wide maturity range from low mature (0.46% R_o) through the end of oil and gas generation (maximum R_{o = 5.32%}). Data onweight percent and T_max for evolution of methane, volatile tars, ethylene, SO₂, NH₃, CO₂, and CO are reported. The T_max of methane shows the most consistent response to increasing maturation in both sets of samples. Results are comparable to those of whole rocks from an Alaskan North Slope well analyzed previously. The collective data for both whole rocks and isolated kerogens shows a generally linear correlation between %R_o and T_max of methane, with the exception of R_o of about 2.0% where a dip in the curve occurs. The slope of the correlation line was steeper for the predominantly terrigenous Wilcox kerogen than for more marine Colorado kerogen or for the Alaskan North Slope whole rock samples, probably reflecting differences in the chemical nature of various kerogen sets, which is also reflected by differences in the shapes of the pyrolysis curves of SO₂, CO₂, CO, H₂O, and ethylene. These preliminary data indicate that T_max of methane is a good maturation indicator for whole rocks and isolated kerogens up to an R_o of about 4%, which includes all of the wet gas and a considerable portion of the dry gas generation zones. This correlation was also observed for samples containing migrated bitumen, where it was not possible to obtain a reliable T_max for the volatile tar (S2) peak. The more terrigenous Wilcox kerogens also showed a good correlation of the T_max of ethylene with %R_o. T_max of ammonia evolution did not correlate with maturity and occurred 100–200°C lower than previously found for whole rocks, consistent with a whole-rock source of pyrolytic ammonia for Alaskan whole rock samples. HI and OI indices were calculated in several ways and plotted to reflect kerogen type as well as both the residual oil and gas generation potential. The ratio of pyrolyzable to combustible sulfur (evolved as SO₂) was independent of maturity and showed a clear difference between the more terrigenous Wilcox kerogens and the more marine Colorado kerogens.  相似文献   

Green and sustainable remediation practices in Federal Agency cleanup programs     

Louis E. Martino  Carol L. Dona  Jerry Dicerbo  Amy Hawkins  Beth Moore  Robert Horner 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(21):1407

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Renaming and Rebranding within U.S. and Canadian Geography Departments, 1990–2014     

Amy E. Frazier  Thomas A. Wikle 《The Professional geographer》2017,69(1):12-21

Between 2000 and 2014, more than thirty geography departments adopted revised or new names, with some entirely dropping geography. Although renaming and rebranding efforts are not new to higher education, the rapid pace at which geography department names have changed raises questions about the discipline's identity and health. We examine the renaming trend within geography programs together with intended and unexpected factors as perceived by faculty. Specifically, we look at the renaming and rebranding trend within the context of four pillars offered by Pattison (1964 Pattison, W. D. 1964. The four traditions of geography. Journal of Geography 63 (5): 211–16.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) to define geography's principal academic domains—earth-science, man–land, area/regional studies, and spatial traditions.  相似文献   

Coastal management in Tanga, Tanzania: a decentralized community-based approach     

Solomon Makoloweka  Kathleen Shurcliff 《Ocean & Coastal Management》1997,37(3):349-357

This paper describes a new initiative in coastal management in northeastern Tanzania. The region is within the equatorial part of the Western Indian Ocean. The priority environmental issues being faced include declining fish catches, use of destructive fishing techniques, mangrove cutting and coastal erosion. There is a widespread perception among the users of the coastal resources that management of these issues is inadequate. This programme initiative is developing flexible, community-based approaches to identifying the problems and to take achievable actions. The programme provides training in a wide range of skills and appropriate technical methods for government officials, extension workers and villagers. A collaborative process is evolving that includes participatory appraisals, village environmental committees, facilitation by government extension workers, technical advise and supervision by district technical teams, and regional-wide workshops with key players. Village initiatives taken so far include new by-laws, gear inspection, reef zoning and closures. A number of village mariculture projects are being piloted.  相似文献   

Spatial variability of factors influencing coastal change in the Western Canadian Arctic     

G. K. Manson  S. M. Solomon  D. L. Forbes  D. E. Atkinson  M. Craymer 《Geo-Marine Letters》2005,25(2-3):138-145

Coastal change in the western Canadian Arctic is influenced by coastal morphology, relative sea-level trend and sea-ice and storm climates. The spatial variability of these factors tends to follow general east–west trends suggesting similar trends in coastal erosion hazard, processes and rates of coastal change. The spatial variability in the causes of coastal change is examined in the communities of Tuktoyaktuk, Sachs Harbour, Holman and Kugluktuk.  相似文献