Overbank sand deposition in relation to transport volumes during large-magnitude floods in the Dutch sand-bed Rhine river system     

Wilfried B. M. Ten Brinke  Margriet M. Schoor  Anne M. Sorber  Henk J. A. Berendsen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1998,23(9):809-824

Using aerial photographs and field measurements, sandy overbank deposits formed by the large-magnitude floods of 1993/94 and 1995 were quantified along two branches of the Dutch Rhine river system: the Waal (1993/94 and 1995) and the IJssel (1995). These deposits were laid down intermittently all along the length of these rivers on the top and landward slope of the natural levees, and covered about 4 per cent of the embanked floodplain on the Waal and about 1 per cent on the IJssel. The overbanks and transport mechanism is basically convective by nature. The spatial variability of overbank sedimentation points to the important role played by helicoidal currents in determining overbank deposition. The presence of embankments and training works appears to influence the sand transport to and morphological development of the floodplains along the Dutch Rhine river system. Overbank deposition volumes about equal present estimates of sand transport during a large-magnitude flood. It appears that studies on sand transport in the Dutch Rhine carried out so far underestimate sand transport during floods. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Marine evidence for the last glacial advance across eastern Hudson Strait,eastern Canadian Arctic     

Anne E. Jennings  William F. Manley  Brian Maclean  John T. Andrews 《第四纪科学杂志》1998,13(6):501-514

Data from accelerator mass spectrometer radiocarbon dated sediment cores and Huntec high-resolution seismic profiles were used to investigate the age and origin of the sediments in the Eastern Basin of Hudson Strait. The data indicate that the ice-contact and glacial-marine sediments on the basin flanks and much of the upper sequence in the deep floor of the basin were produced during the Noble Inlet advance (8.9 to 8.4 ka), the last northward expansion of the Labrador Dome on to southeastern Baffin Island. On the northern flank of Eastern Basin one sequence of ice-contact sediments and glacial-marine deposits overlies bedrock; the glacial-marine sediments are transitional upslope to ice-contact sediments, and form at least two successive ice-sheet grounding zones. The earliest abundance peaks of benthic Foramininfera in glacial-marine sediments date ca. 8.6 and 8.4 ka, and correlate to sediments near the base of the 58-m-thick glacial-marine section in the deepest part of Eastern Basin. This correlation suggests that Noble Inlet ice was grounded throughout Eastern Basin during the early part of its advance. In later stages the thinning ice produced grounding zones on the basin flanks while glacial-marine sediments were deposited in the deep basin. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Mineralogical evidence for multiple dust sources in an early Triassic loessite     

Michael J. Wilson  Andrew Hurst  Anne D. Wilkins  Lyudmyla Wilson  Leon Bowen 《Sedimentology》2020,67(1):239-260

Loessite present in a borehole into the Smith Bank Formation (early Triassic age, Central North Sea) differentiates five coeval source terranes for aerosol dust, three long-distance sources and two local sources. All were active immediately following the end Permian mass extinction. Long-distance sources are sedimentary, basic magmatic and acid–intermediate volcanic. Although predominantly silt-sized and dominated by quartz with subordinate feldspars, muscovite and illite, evidence of basic and acid–intermediate magmatic/volcanic sources are pervasive. Baddeleyite is diagnostic of basic magmatism, an origin supported by enrichment of plagioclase relative to potassium feldspar. Deduction of acid–intermediate volcanism comes from the collective occurrence of irregular geometry quartz, volcanic shards, Ti-mineralization, euhedral biotite, sanidine, the co-occurrence of apatite and zircon, and the common occurrence of a tosuditic clay mineral. The tosuditic phase occurs as an unusual diagenetic dioctahedral chlorite/smectite formed at low temperature (<45°C), during very shallow burial by the decomposition of unstable rhyo-dacitic and andesitic grains in alkaline pore water from an adjacent lake that yielded pore fluids with a high Al : Si ratio. The Siberian Traps large igneous province is the likely source terrane for the magmatic and volcanic silt. Locally sourced clay pellets and kaolinite booklets formed from aeolian erosion of an adjacent, periodically desiccated lake-floor and a kaolinitic regolith, respectively. Inference of a prolonged harsh, arid climate leaves no evidence of any periods of sustained humidity or climatic fluctuation, such as pedogenesis. The association between the end Permian mass extinction, emplacement and aeolian erosion of the Siberian Traps large igneous province, and location of the Smith Bank Formation in a large lacustrine endorheic basin, combine to preserve a record of prolonged harsh climate in the early Triassic.  相似文献   

Rock magnetics of carbonate systems–investigating palaeodune archives on Fuerteventura (Canary Islands)     

Florian Schneider  Christopher-Bastian Roettig  Daniel Wolf  Philipp Baumgart  Ulrich Hambach  Dominik Faust 《第四纪科学杂志》2020,35(4):594-606

The mineral magnetic properties of Pleistocene aeolian dune sands from the island of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain) were studied in order to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental evolution of Pleistocene climates during their formation. The palaeodunes on Fuerteventura mainly consist of carbonate sands admixed with dust and material of volcanic origin. Due to the low magnetic background caused by the diamagnetic character of carbonate sands, these archives offer a lot of potential for environmental magnetic studies to detect the imprint of dust, volcanic material and paedogenesis. Four sections of alternating palaeosurface–aeolianite sequences in palaeodune fields have been analysed by means of extensive rock magnetic measurements. These Quaternary archives consist of deposits originating from different sources. I. material blown from the shallow shelf, II. material of volcanic origin, and III. long-range transported dust. The rock magnetic findings enable a more detailed interpretation of the palaeosurfaces within the sequences. We are able to differentiate semiquantitatively between the different source materials on one hand and to distinguish on the other hand those from soil-forming processes. Soil formation is only weakly developed in the dust imprints in the palaeosol aeolianite sequences, linked to sparse vegetation cover during the Pleistocene on Fuerteventura.  相似文献   

Land use change effects on runoff and erosion from plot to catchment scale on the basaltic plateau of Southern Brazil     

Nilza Maria Dos Reis Castro  Anne‐Vronique Auzet  Pierre Chevallier  Jean‐Claude Leprun 《水文研究》1999,13(11):1621-1628

In the region of the basaltic plateau in Southern Brazil, problems of runoff and erosion on the deep ferrallitic soils are becoming increasingly recognized. Land use change from conventional tillage using disk plough to no‐tillage on residues without terracing occurred at the beginning of the 1990s and it spread very quickly. Measurements of runoff and sediment concentrations on 1 m² plots receiving natural rainfall and simulated rainfall under different crops with different stages of growth and different tillage systems, field surveys and measurements of rills and gullies in nested experimental catchments indicate a relative decrease of runoff on slopes but an increase of subsurface flow, and a marked decrease of sheet and rill erosion and soil loss from plot to catchment scales. Nevertheless, the extension of parts of the gully system is still continuing, strongly influenced by extreme rainfall. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Preliminary study on the preservation of giant clam (Tridacnidae) shells from the Balobok Rockshelter archaeological site,south Philippines     

Marie Grace Pamela G. Faylona  Claire E. Lazareth  Anne‐Marie Smah  Sandrine Caquineau  Hugues Boucher  Wilfredo P. Ronquillo 《Geoarchaeology》2011,26(6):888-901

Tridacnidae shells, a valuable archive of past environments, are common in the Balobok Rockshelter archaeological site on Sanga‐Sanga Island in the south Philippines. This site was occupied during the mid‐Holocene (ca. 5000–8800 ¹⁴C yr B.P.), a period of Neolithic cultural expansion in the Philippines. This paper focuses on the preservation of two shell specimens, Hippopus hippopus and Tridacna maxima, unearthed from two mid‐Holocene layers within the rockshelter. The shells' mineralogy and microstructure (prismatic and crossed‐lamellar) were studied using micro‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to determine if the samples were suitable as paleoenvironmental records. Both shells are still aragonitic but aragonite crystals of both microstructure types are partly dissolved. This dissolution, characteristic of meteoric water alteration, precludes their utility in paleoenvironmental geochemical studies. Nevertheless, these shells are abundant in archaeological sites in the region and may be better preserved in other depositional contexts; more studies on Philippine Tridacnidae shell diagenesis are needed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献