Environmental Isotopes as a Tool in Hydrogeological Research in an Arid Basin   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Arie lssar  Joel Gat 《Ground water》1981,19(5):490-494

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Modern deposition of manganese along the Dead Sea shore     

R.A. Garber  A. Nishri  A. Nissenbaum  G.M. Friedman 《Sedimentary Geology》1981,30(4):267-274

Manganese-rich encrustations along the modern shoreline of the Dead Sea are of three kinds: (a) Black laminae, ranging in thickness from 0.1 mm to 4 mm, alternating with aragonite layers which form continous hard crusts on pebbles and boulders (b) Thin black laminae in laminated muds found in very shallow waters. (c) Thin black laminae, alternating with aragonite and gypsum, surrounding partially submerged tree trunks.

No identifiable X-ray diffraction pattern was obtained in the black layers. SEM studies revealed discrete, shapeless manganese-rich aggregates embedded in an aragonitic matrix. The black laminae consist of approximately 75% aragonite, 15% insoluble residue (mostly quartz), and about 10% manganese-rich fraction. Chemical analyses of the isolated manganese-rich fraction gave up to 50% manganese, and less than 1% iron.

Profiles of dissolved manganese in interstitial water show a two-fold enrichment of manganese as compared with the overlying water, with a particularly high concentration (18 mg/l) at the sediment—water interface. This is interpreted to be due to release of manganese from solid phases in the reduced sediments, and upward migration of dissolved manganese in interstitial water, and oxidation to insoluble tetravalent manganese at the interface with the oxygen-containing water.

The manganese-rich crusts were formed below the water table and were deposited no later than 350 years and possibly sooner.  相似文献   

Organic matter-metal interactions in Recent sediments: the role of humic substances   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Arie Nissenbaum  Dalway J. Swaine 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1976,40(7):809-816

Atomic emission spectrographic analysis of the trace inorganic constituents of marine humic substances gave the following range of concentrations: Si, 200 ppm to > 2%; Al, 400 ppm to ~ 1%; Fe, 600–3000 ppm; Ca, 600 ppm to > 2%; Mg, 20–6000 ppm; Na, 600 ppm to > 2%; Ag, < 6–600 ppm; B, < 60–1000 ppm; Cu, 600–4000 ppm; Mn, 8–100 ppm; Mo, <20–3000 ppm; Ni, 100–1000 ppm; Pb, < 40–600 ppm; Sn, 40–600 ppm; Ti, < 20–2500 ppm; V, 20–200 ppm; Zn, 350–4500 ppm; Zr, < 60–500 ppm.Humic substances contain a sizeable portion of the Cu, Mo and Zn found in sediments, but are less important for Ni, Co and Pb, and are insignificant for the Mn, V and Fe content. The metals are mostly introduced into the humates during their diagenetic formation in sediment by dissolution of metals from various mineralogical phases. A precursor of the sedimentary humates, the polymeric organic material dissolved in interstitial water, contains most of the Cu and Zn, about half of the Ni, Fe and Co, and very little of the Mn found in interstitial water. Comparison of the data on humates with that obtained by H₂O₂ treatment of sediments indicates that Cu, Zn and possibly most of the Mo are associated with organic matter, but that Ni and Co are associated with sulfides.  相似文献   

Stable isotope geochemistry: J. Hoefs. Springer Verlag,Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1973, 140 pp., $ 14.50     

A. Nissenbaum 《Sedimentary Geology》1974,12(1):69-70

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Early diagenesis in a reducing fjord,Saanich Inlet,British Columbia—II. Trace element distribution in interstitial water and sediment     

B.J. Presley  Y. Kolodny  A. Nissenbaum  I.R. Kaplan 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1972

Sediment and interstitial water from four cores in Saanich Inlet were analyzed for total iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, zinc, lithium and strontium. In addition, three separate sediment fractions were analyzed:

1.

(i) dilute acid soluble  相似文献   

Fossil bacterial ecosystem at methane seeps : Origin of organic matter from Be’eri sulfur deposit, Israel     

R.Y.P BurhanJ.M Trendel  P AdamP Wehrung  P Albrecht  A Nissenbaum 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2002,66(23):4085-4101

The Be’eri sulfur mine (Israel) is a unique deposit mainly composed of sandstone intercalated with biogenic mats and possessing organic matter exceptionally depleted in ¹³C. Molecular and isotopic studies of free and bound biomarkers were performed to unravel the source of the organic matter co-occurring with sulfur in this deposit and to propose a paleoenvironmental model of bacterial life in a type of extreme environment. They showed that the biomarkers are all extremely ¹³C-depleted and almost exclusively composed of hopanoids and biphytane derivatives of bacterial origin, notably methanotrophic bacteria and acidophilic archaea. δ¹³C values of individual components and of bulk organic carbon are in the −80% to −90% range and are among the lowest values ever measured for hopanoids. Organic matter in the sandstone and the mats differ mainly by the occurrence of 3-methylated hopanoids in the mats, which may reflect either different bacterial populations or different conditions of growth.These data demonstrate that the complete biomass of this deposit primarily derives from methanotrophic hopanoid-synthesizing bacteria consuming methane having seeped toward the surface, and that all other organisms—apparently only archaea and bacteria—must have been thriving on methane-derived carbon (methane, CO₂, biomass of methanotrophic bacteria). Unambiguous evidence for photosynthetic organisms in the environment of deposition could not be found. The Be’eri sulfur deposit is thus a fossil remain of an exclusively bacterial ecosystem fueled by methane as sole carbon source and having developed in an interstitial aqueous medium within the sandstone.Elemental sulfur from the deposit probably originates from the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide seeping along with methane, which could have been oxidized either abiotically or biologically by sulfur-oxidizing Beggiatoa-like bacteria and archaea. Further oxidation of elemental sulfur might explain the high acidity of the deposit.The oxidizing conditions now prevailing in the Be’eri deposit were revealed by the occurrence of degraded, oxidized, or thiophenic hopanoid structures. Some of them, unambiguously characterized by synthesis, were also obtained by heating hopenes with elemental sulfur, thus suggesting that the latter could play a role, as dehydrogenating and oxidizing agent, in the transformations undergone by organic matter in the Be’eri deposit.  相似文献   

Maximal discharges observed in Israel     

Arie Ben-Zvi 《Environmental Geology》1988,11(1):15-19

Maximal discharges observed in Israel since 1938 are plotted on a log-log paper against the catchment area of the measuring sites. Four envelope lines, parallel to one another, are drawn on the paper. The formula of these lines is Q=c A^0.83, in which Q is the maximal observed discharge, in m³/sec, A is the catchment area, in km², and c is an empirical coefficient, in m³/sec km^1.65. The value of c varies from 1.7 to 4.5 units, depending on the precipitation and the lithology of the watershed. Higher discharges are observed where the mean annual depth of the precipitation is lower. With respect to the lithological units found in Israel, the highest discharges are observed where the lithology is of thin deposited limestone and the surface slopes are steep. The lowest maximal discharges are observed where the lithology is heavy deposited limestone and dolomite, or conglomerates. No high discharges are observed from watersheds where the lithology is Holocenean sand. In general, impervious, steeply sloped surfaces generate higher discharges than pervious or mildly sloped surfaces.  相似文献   

Asphalt in iron age excavations from the Philistine Tel Miqne-Ekron city (Israel): Origin and trade routes     

Jacques Connan  Arie Nissenbaum  Kendra Imbus  John Zumberge  Stephen Macko 《Organic Geochemistry》2006,37(12):1768

Asphalts found as pure lumps or coatings on potsherds were excavated at the Philistine site of Tel Miqne-Ekron (12th to 7th century BC) in the southern Inner Coastal Plain of Israel. They were studied using the techniques of petroleum geochemistry and were compared to some natural asphalts from the area: Dead Sea floating blocks (Israel), Wadi Weida’a asphalt (Jordan) and Hasbeya (Lebanon).Tel Miqne-Ekron bitumens show evidence of weathering, indicating biodegradation and oxidation. They contain less aromatics and more asphaltenes than Dead Sea asphalt. Evaporation and biodegradation are recorded at a molecular level, especially via the phenanthrenes and dibenzothiophenes. However, several isotopic and molecular parameters allowed us to correlate the Tel Miqne-Ekron asphalt with the Dead Sea asphalt from the floating blocks. The asphalts of Hasbeya and Wadi Weida’a do not match the Tel Miqne-Ekron asphalt. The latter, in particular, is much more biodegraded, based on its steranes. The study shows that the Dead Sea asphalt was imported to Tel Miqne-Ekron over a 500 year period. This trade posed no problem in the 7th century BC when Philistia, Israel and Judah were at peace as part of the Pax Assyriaca of the Assyrian Empire. However, trade during the 12th century BC is puzzling since the asphalt had to be transported across Israelite territory that was hostile to the Philistines, as indicated in the Bible (e.g., Samson and Delilah, David and Goliath). Consequently it seems that profitable commerce surpassed ethnic, religious and political conflict, as can also be observed in the contemporary world.  相似文献   

Using Statistical Learning Algorithms in Regional Landslide Susceptibility Zonation with Limited Landslide Field Data   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

WANG Yi-ting  SEIJMONSBERGEN Arie Christoffel  BOUTEN Willem  CHEN Qing-tao 《山地科学学报》2015,(2):268-288

Regional Landslide Susceptibility Zonation(LSZ) is always challenged by the available amount of field data, especially in southwestern China where large mountainous areas and limited field information coincide. Statistical learning algorithms are believed to be superior to traditional statistical algorithms for their data adaptability. The aim of the paper is to evaluate how statistical learning algorithms perform on regional LSZ with limited field data. The focus is on three statistical learning algorithms, Logistic Regression(LR), Artificial Neural Networks(ANN) and Support Vector Machine(SVM). Hanzhong city, a landslide prone area in southwestern China is taken as a study case. Nine environmental factors are selected as inputs. The accuracies of the resulting LSZ maps are evaluated through landslide density analysis(LDA), receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves and Kappa index statistics. The dependence of the algorithm on the size of field samples is examined by varying the sizes of the training set. The SVM has proven to be the most accurate and the most stable algorithm at small training set sizes and on all known landslide sizes. The accuracy of SVM shows a steadilyincreasing trend and reaches a high level at a small size of the training set, while accuracies of LR and ANN algorithms show distinct fluctuations. The geomorphological interpretations confirm the strength of SVM on all landslide sizes. Our results show that the strengths of SVM in generalization capability and model robustness make it an appropriate and efficient tool for regional LSZ with limited landslide field samples.  相似文献   

Assessment of transmission losses and groundwater recharge from runoff events in a wadi under shortage of data on lateral inflow,Negev, Israel     

Isabela Shentsis  Lev Meirovich  Arie Ben‐Zvi  Eliyahu Rosenthal 《水文研究》1999,13(11):1649-1663

A hydrological–lithostratigraphical model was developed for assessment of transmission losses and groundwater recharge from runoff events in arid water courses where hydrological and meteorological records are incomplete. Water balance equations were established for reaches between hydrometric stations. Because rainfall and tributary flow data are scarce, lateral inflow, which is an essential component of the water balance equation, could not be estimated directly. The solution was obtained by developing a method which includes a hydrological–lithostratigraphical analogy. This is based on the following assumptions: (a) runoff resulting from a given rainfall event is related to the watershed surface lithology; (b) for a given event, the spatial distribution of runoff reflects the distribution of rainfall: and (c) transmission losses are uniquely related to the total inflow to the reach. The latter relationship, called the loss function, and the water balance equation comprise a model which simultaneously assesses lateral inflow and transmission losses for runoff events recorded at the terminal stations. The model was applied to three reaches of the arid Nahal Tsin in Israel. In this case study, the transmission losses were of the same order of magnitude as the flow at the major hydrometric stations. The losses were subdivided into channel moistening, which subsequently evaporates, and deep percolation, which recharges groundwater. For large runoff events, evaporation was substantially smaller than the losses. The mean annual recharge of groundwater from runoff events in the Tsin watershed was 4·1×10⁶ m³, while the mean annual flow volume at the major stations ranged from 0·6 to 1·5×10⁶ m³. Once in 100 years, the annual recharge may be seven times higher than the mean annual value, but the recharge during most years is very small. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献