Rapid toxicity assessment and biomonitoring of marine contaminants--exploiting the potential of rapid biomarker assays and microscale toxicity tests.     

P G Wells  M H Depledge  J N Butler  J J Manock  A H Knap 《Marine pollution bulletin》2001,42(10):799-804

There is a great need for an integrated international effort in research and training using rapid, easy to use, biomarker and microscale ecotoxicity techniques. These techniques must be directed, coordinated and formulated into protocols that contribute to the prevention and reduction of marine pollution world-wide and the improvement of ocean and human health. This need should be considered as urgent by marine environmental scientists, managers and policy makers throughout the world. Our paper discusses such techniques and suggests a four-point framework for advancing work towards their wider use, particularly in developing coastal nations.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

J. Alexander  G. A. D. Jones  R. Butler  I. Barwick  K. Clark  R. Green  R. Jones  B. Lloyd-Jones  R. A. Ixer 《Mineralium Deposita》1996,31(3):250-252

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Seyfert galaxies and the cosmic γ-ray diffuse background     

L. Bassani  R. C. Butler  A. J. Dean  G. Di Cocco  F. Perotti  G. Villa 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1982,82(1):199-207

Three active galaxies, generally classified as Seyferts, have been discovered recently to be powerful, low energy -ray sources. The similarity between their spectral characteristics and those of the cosmic background at -ray energies suggests that these objects could make a significant contribution to this diffuse flux. This contribution has been assessed using two different number densities of -ray-emitting Seyfert galaxies based on optical and X-ray data. The comparison of the estimated and measured diffuse -ray background intensities is used to gain a deeper understanding of the metabolism of Seyfert galaxies.  相似文献   

A survey strategy and environmental monitoring network for an estuary supporting finfish cage culture     

Butler  E. C. V.; Blackburn  S. I.; Clementson  L. A.; Morgan  P. P.; Parslow  J. S.; Volkman  J. K. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2001,58(2):460-468

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Ocean zoning in the Northwest Atlantic     

Penny A. Doherty  Mark Butler 《Marine Policy》2006

A workshop held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, brought together marine policy makers, resource users and experts to discuss spatial planning in the marine environment. Participants explored concepts of ocean zoning and learned from other jurisdictions and related integrated management initiatives. An ocean user perspectives panel featured plenary addresses on the significance of ocean zoning to various sectors. Discussions at the workshop emphasized the need for involving all key players and clearly defining terms used in the spatial planning process.  相似文献   

The effectiveness of bycatch reduction devices on crab pots at reducing capture and mortality of diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) in Florida     

Joseph A. Butler  George L. Heinrich 《Estuaries and Coasts》2007,30(1):179-185

Diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) drown in blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) pots throughout their range. The objectives of this study were to test if bycatch mortality of diamondback terrapins in commercial crab pots is reduced by using bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) and to determine if BRDs affect crab catch in Florida by comparing sex, size, and number of blue crabs captured in standard crab pots with those captured in pots equipped with BRDs. We fished 15 standard crab pots (controls) and 15 crab pots with bycatch reduction devices (experimentals) for 10-d periods at two sites per year from 2002 through 2005. Study sites were located in eight Florida counties with one sample period per county. Pots were checked daily and baited on alternate days. We determined sex and size of captured terrapins and blue crabs to evaluate if BRDs affected the size of either species. Thirty-seven terrapins were caught in control pots and four in experimentals. Eleven terrapins were small enough that they would not have been prevented from entering either pot treatment, but we found that 73.2% of the terrapins in this study could have been prevented from entering crab pots with functional BRDs. There were no significant differences between the sex, measurements, or number of legal-sized crabs captured in control and experimental pots at any of the study sites. We recommend that the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission devise and adopt regulations that require the use of 4.5×12 cm BRDs on all commercial and recreational crab pots in Florida without delay.  相似文献   

Map-making, Landscapes and Memory: A Geography of Colonial and Early Modern Ireland, c.1530–1750 - By William J Smyth     

David J  Butler 《The Geographical journal》2007,173(3):286-286

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Kinematic reworking and exhumation within the convergent Alpine Orogen     

S.M. Reddy  J. Wheeler  R.W.H. Butler  R.A. Cliff  S. Freeman  S. Inger  C. Pickles  S.P. Kelley 《Tectonophysics》2003,365(1-4):77

Kinematic data from the internal zones of the Western Alps indicate both top-to-SE and top-to-NW shearing during synkinematic greenschist facies recrystallisation. Rb/Sr data from white micas from different kinematic domains record a range of ages that does not represent closure through a single thermal event but reflects the variable timing of synkinematic mica recrystallisation at temperatures between 300 and 450 °C. The data indicate an initial phase of accretion and foreland-directed thrusting at ca. 60 Ma followed by almost complete reworking of thrust-related deformation by SE-directed shearing. This deformation is localised within oceanic units of the Combin Zone and the base of the overlying Austroalpine basement, and forms a regional scale shear zone that can be traced for almost 50 km perpendicular to strike. The timing of deformation in this shear zone spans 9 Ma from 45 to 36 Ma. The SE-directed shear leads to local structures that cut upwards in the transport direction with respect to tectonic stratigraphy, and such structures have been interpreted in the past as backthrusts in response to ongoing Alpine convergence. However, on a regional scale, the top-to-SE deformation is related to crustal extension, not shortening, and is coincident with exhumation of eclogites in its footwall. During this extension phase, deformation within the shear zone migrated both spatially and temporally giving rise to domains of older shear zone fabrics intercalated with zones of localised reworking. Top-NW kinematics preserved within the Combin Zone show a range of ages. The oldest (48 Ma) may reflect the final stages of emplacement of Austroalpine Units above Piemonte oceanic rocks prior to the onset of extension. However, much of the top-to-NW deformation took place over the period of extension and may reflect either continuing or episodic convergence or tectonic thinning of the shear zone.⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data from the region are complicated due to the widespread occurrence of excess ⁴⁰Ar in eclogite facies micas and partial Ar loss during Alpine heating. Reliable ages from both eclogite and greenschist facies micas indicate cooling ages in different tectonic units of between 32 and 40 Ma. These ages are slightly younger than Rb/Sr deformation ages and suggest that cooling below ca. 350 °C occurred after juxtaposition of the units by SE-directed extensional deformation.Our data indicate a complex kinematic history involving both crustal shortening and extension within the internal zones of the Alpine Orogen. To constrain the palaeogeographic and geodynamic evolution of the Alps requires that these data be integrated with data from the more external zones of the orogen. Complexity such as that described is unlikely to be restricted to the Western Alps and spatially and temporally variable kinematic data are probably the norm in convergent orogens. Recognising such features is fundamental to the correct tectonic interpretation of both modern and ancient orogens.  相似文献   

An overview of scale, pattern, process relationships in geomorphology: a remote sensing and GIS perspective   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Stephen J. Walsh  David R. Butler  George P. Malanson 《Geomorphology》1998,21(3-4)

Satellite remote sensing and geographic information systems are emerging technologies in geomorphology. They offer the opportunity to gain fresh insights into biophysical systems through the spatial, temporal, spectral, and radiometric resolutions of remote sensing systems and through the analytical and data integration capability of GIS. The two technologies can be linked together into a synergistic system that is particularly well suited to the examination of landscape conditions through the interrelationships of scale, pattern, and process, a paradigm that has gained prominence in the fields of biogeography and landscape ecology. In this study, we apply optical and microwave remote sensing systems and GIS methodologies to case studies framed within the fluvial and alpine environments. We use the scale, pattern, and process paradigm to explore landscape relationships in those environments. Satellite image processing, change-detection analyses, digital elevation models, GIS-derived geomorphic indices and variables, composition and pattern metrics of landscape organization, and scale-dependent analyses are described and related to the study of river channel abandonment and the alpine treeline ecotone. We describe appropriate remote sensing and GIS techniques for geomorphic research, and demonstrate the use of such techniques in the application of the scale, pattern, and processes perspective in geomorphic studies.  相似文献   

Assessment of Dem Quality for Characterizing Surface Roughness Using Close Range Digital Photogrammetry   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

J. B. Butler  S. N. Lane  & J. H. Chandler 《The Photogrammetric Record》1998,16(92):271-291

This paper presents a procedure for assessing the quality of a digital elevation model (DEM) which has been applied to the output of a normalized cross correlation based stereomatching algorithm. Using semimetric photography of natural gravel river bed surfaces acquired in the field, digital photogrammetry was used to extract DEMs automatically for use in characterizing surface roughness properties. The procedure for assessing DEM quality involves examination of (i) ortho-images, to provide a qualitative check on stereomatching performance; (ii) DEM collection statistics which quantify the percentage of correctly matched pixels as a function of those interpolated; and (iii) height differences between check points, measured using independent field survey, and corresponding DEM points. The concepts of precision, accuracy and reliability are defined in the context of DEM quality assessment and methods are outlined which can be used to assess these variables. The assessment is conducted for two adjacent stereopairs with similar characteristics, considering the effects of both DEM collection parameters and different lens models upon DEM quality. Results show that digital photogrammetry, in conjunction with independent field survey, can be used successfully for extracting high resolution, small scale DEMs from natural gravel surfaces. Components (i) and (ii) of the quality assessment suggest the need to optimize DEM collection parameters, although the effects of not using a properly specified lens model were minimal at this scale. Method (iii) showed that increasing stereomatching success does not necessarily lead to more accurately estimated DEM points. However, the use of method (iii) remained difficult because of the scale of the photogrammetric application being used; check point positioning within the photogrammetric co-ordinate system was only possible to ±10 mm which, for a gravel bed surface, was associated with elevation variance of a similar, sometimes greater, magnitude. The next stage of this research will require the use of higher quality check data, possibly from laser profiling.  相似文献