METEORITIC METAL IN APOLLO 16 SAMPLES     

S. J. B. Reed  S. R. Taylor 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1974,9(1):23-34

One hundred metallic particles from Apollo 16 soils (61181, 65701) and rocks (60018, 60315, 66055) have been investigated microscopically and by electron microprobe analysis. Their cobalt content indicates a meteoritic origin for all but one particle. However, most contain more phosphorus than typical meteoritic metal, possibly due to the reduction of phosphates in the lunar rocks. Compositions of coexisting kamacite and schreibersite indicate temperatures of about 550–650°C which are thought to have occurred during metamorphism. The bulk nickel content of the lunar metal is somewhat low by comparison with most iron meteorites or the metallic component of common stony meteorites. However, this may be due to compositional changes that occurred after emplacement in the lunar surface layer.  相似文献   

Isotopic Hg in an Allende carbon-rich residue     

G. W. Reed  S. Jovanovic 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1990,25(4):345-346

Abstract— A carbon-rich residue from Allende subjected to stepwise heating yielded two isotopically resolvable types of Hg: one with a ¹⁹⁶Hg/²⁰²Hg concentration ratio the same as terrestrial (monitor) Hg; the other enriched in ¹⁹⁶Hg relative to ²⁰²Hg by ～60%. Hg with the 202 isotope enriched relative to 196, as is found in bulk Allende, was not observed. Whether the result of mass fractionation or nucleosynthesis, the distinct types of Hg entered different carrier phases and were not thermally mobilized since the accretion of the Allende parent body.  相似文献   

Experimental determination of the effect of the ratio of B/Al on glass dissolution along the nepheline (NaAlSiO₄)-malinkoite (NaBSiO₄) join     

E.M. Pierce  L.R. Reed  B.P. McGrail  C.F. Windisch  J. Broady 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(9):2634-5309

  相似文献   

THE GOSNELLS IRON — A FRAGMENT OF THE MOUNT DOOLING OCTAHEDRITE     

J.R. De Laeter  G.J.H. McCall  S.J.B. Reed 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1972,7(4):469-478

A 1.5 kg iron found in 1960 at Gosnells, near Perth, Western Australia, belongs to Wasson's chemical group I-An3 and is structurally unusual, being best described as a heat-altered granular coarse octahedrite. It is chemically and structurally very similar to the Mount Dooling iron, found in 1909 about 400 km away, and has a fracture surface which fits the Mount Dooling mass very closely. The Gosnells fragment was probably transported by human agency, though it is not known when or by whom.  相似文献   

Spatial interpolation methods for nonstationary plume data   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Reed PM  Ellsworth TR  Minsker BS 《Ground water》2004,42(2):190-202

Plume interpolation consists of estimating contaminant concentrations at unsampled locations using the available contaminant data surrounding those locations. The goal of ground water plume interpolation is to maximize the accuracy in estimating the spatial distribution of the contaminant plume given the data limitations associated with sparse monitoring networks with irregular geometries. Beyond data limitations, contaminant plume interpolation is a difficult task because contaminant concentration fields are highly heterogeneous, anisotropic, and nonstationary phenomena. This study provides a comprehensive performance analysis of six interpolation methods for scatter-point concentration data, ranging in complexity from intrinsic kriging based on intrinsic random function theory to a traditional implementation of inverse-distance weighting. High resolution simulation data of perchloroethylene (PCE) contamination in a highly heterogeneous alluvial aquifer were used to generate three test cases, which vary in the size and complexity of their contaminant plumes as well as the number of data available to support interpolation. Overall, the variability of PCE samples and preferential sampling controlled how well each of the interpolation schemes performed. Quantile kriging was the most robust of the interpolation methods, showing the least bias from both of these factors. This study provides guidance to practitioners balancing opposing theoretical perspectives, ease-of-implementation, and effectiveness when choosing a plume interpolation method.  相似文献   

Predation by the black-clawed mud crab,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Panopeus herbstii</Emphasis>, in Mid-Atlantic salt marshes: Further evidence for top-down control of marsh grass production     

Brian?Reed?SillimanEmail author  Craig?A.?Layman  Kane?Geyer  J.?C.?Zieman 《Estuaries and Coasts》2004,27(2):188-196

Although top-down control of plant growth has been shown in a variety of marine systems, it is widely thought to be unimportant in salt marshes. Recent caging experiments in Virginia and Georgia have challenged this notion and shown that the dominant marsh grazer (the periwinkle,Littoraria irrorata) not only suppresses plant growth, but can denude marsh substrate at high densities. In these same marshes, our field observations suggest that the black-clawed mud crab,Panopeus herbstii, is an abundant and potentially important top-down determinant of periwinkle density. No studies have quantitatively examinedPanopeus distribution or trophic interactions in marsh systems, and its potential impacts on community structure remained unexplored. We investigated distribution and feeding habits ofPanopeus in eight salt marshes along the Mid-Atlantic seashore (Delaware-North Carolina). We found that mud crabs were abundant in tall (4–82 ind m^?2), intermediate (0–15 ind m^?2), and short-form (0–5 ind m^?2)Spartina alterniflora zones in all marshes and that crab densities were negatively correlated with tidal height and positively correlated with bivalve density. Excavation of crab lairs r?utinely produced shells of plant-grazing snails (up to 36 lair^?1) and bivalves. Lab experiments confirmed that mud crabs readily consume these abundant marsh molluscs. To experimentally examine potential community effects of observed predation patterns, we manipulated crab and periwinkle densities in a 1-mo field experiment. Results showed thatPanopeus can suppress gastropod abundance and that predation rates increase with increasing snail density. In turn, crab suppression of snail density reduces grazing intensity on salt marsh cordgrass, suggesting presence of a trophic cascade. These results indicate that this previously under-appreciated consumer is an important and indirect determinant of community structure and contribute to a growing body of evidence challenging the long-standing notion that consumers play a minor role in regulating marsh plant growth.  相似文献   

Burial and exhumation history of Pennsylvanian strata, central Appalachian basin: an integrated study     

Jason S. Reed  James A. Spotila  Kenneth A. Eriksson  Robert J. Bodnar 《Basin Research》2005,17(2):259-268

An inferred burial and exhumation history of Pennsylvanian strata in the central Appalachian foreland basin is constrained by integrating palaeothermometers, geochronometers and estimated palaeogeothermal gradients. Vitrinite reflectance data and fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures indicate that burial of Lower and Upper Pennsylvanian strata of the Appalachian Plateau in West Virginia exceeded ～4.4 km during the late Permian and occurred at a rate of ～100 m Myr^?1. Exhumation rates of ～10 m Myr^?1 from the late Permian to the early Cretaceous are constrained using maximum burial conditions and published apatite fission track (AFT) ages. AFT and radiogenic helium ages indicate exhumation rates of ～30–50 m Myr^?1 from the early to late Cretaceous. Radiogenic helium dates and present day sampling depths indicate that exhumation rates from the late Cretaceous to present were ～25 m Myr^?1. Exhumation rates for Upper and Lower Pennsylvanian strata within the Appalachian Plateau are remarkably similar. Early slow exhumation was possibly driven primarily by isostatic rebound associated with Triassic rifting. The later, more rapid exhumation can be attributed to thermal expansion followed by lithospheric flexure related to sediment loading along the passive margin.  相似文献   

The groundwater–land-surface–atmosphere connection: Soil moisture effects on the atmospheric boundary layer in fully-coupled simulations     

Reed M. Maxwell  Fotini Katopodes Chow  Stefan J. Kollet 《Advances in water resources》2007,30(12):2447-2466

This study combines a variably-saturated groundwater flow model and a mesoscale atmospheric model to examine the effects of soil moisture heterogeneity on atmospheric boundary layer processes. This parallel, integrated model can simulate spatial variations in land-surface forcing driven by three-dimensional (3D) atmospheric and subsurface components. The development of atmospheric flow is studied in a series of idealized test cases with different initial soil moisture distributions generated by an offline spin-up procedure or interpolated from a coarse-resolution dataset. These test cases are performed with both the fully-coupled model (which includes 3D groundwater flow and surface water routing) and the uncoupled atmospheric model. The effects of the different soil moisture initializations and lateral subsurface and surface water flow are seen in the differences in atmospheric evolution over a 36-h period. The fully-coupled model maintains a realistic topographically-driven soil moisture distribution, while the uncoupled atmospheric model does not. Furthermore, the coupled model shows spatial and temporal correlations between surface and lower atmospheric variables and water table depth. These correlations are particularly strong during times when the land-surface temperatures trigger shifts in wind behavior, such as during early morning surface heating.  相似文献   

The first generation of star-forming haloes     

Darren S. Reed  Richard Bower  Carlos S. Frenk  Liang Gao  Adrian Jenkins  Tom Theuns  Simon D. M. White 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,363(2):393-404

  相似文献   

A nonlinear numerical model for sloped‐bottom tuned liquid dampers     

D. E. Olson  D. A. Reed 《地震工程与结构动力学》2001,30(5):731-743

Shaking‐table data for a tuned liquid damper with a sloped bottom of 30° with the horizontal are investigated using a non‐linear numerical model previously developed by Yu, Jin‐kyu, Nonlinear characteristics of tuned liquid dampers. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 (1997). Stiffness and damping parameters for this model are obtained and compared with those previously derived for box‐shaped tanks. The values for these parameters reflect the softening spring behaviour of the sloped‐bottom system in contrast to the hardening system evident for the box‐shaped TLD. Consequently, the sloped‐bottom tank should be tuned slightly higher than the fundamental structural frequency in order to obtain the most effective damping. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献