Molecular signature and sources of biochemical recalcitrance of organic C in Amazonian Dark Earths     

Dawit Solomon  Johannes Lehmann  Thorsten Schäfer  James Kinyangi  James Petersen  Jan Skjemstad 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(9):2285-2298

Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE) are a unique type of soils developed through intense anthropogenic activities that transformed the original soils into Anthrosols throughout the Brazilian Amazon Basin. We conducted a comparative molecular-level investigation of soil organic C (SOC) speciation in ADE (ages between 600 and 8700 years B.P.) and adjacent soils using ultraviolet photo-oxidation coupled with ¹³C cross polarization-magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS NMR), synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (Sr-FTIR-ATR) and C (1s) near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy to obtain deeper insights into the structural chemistry and sources of refractory organic C compounds in ADE. Our results show that the functional group chemistry of SOC in ADE was considerably different from adjacent soils. The SOC in ADE was enriched with: (i) aromatic-C structures mostly from H- and C-substituted aryl-C, (ii) O-rich organic C forms from carboxylic-C, aldehyde-C, ketonic-C and quinine-C, and (iii) diverse group of refractory aliphatic-C moieties. The SOC in adjacent soils was predominantly composed of O-alkyl-C and methoxyl-C/N-alkyl-C structures and elements of labile aliphatic-C functionalities. Our study suggests that the inherent molecular structures of organic C due to selective accumulation of highly refractory aryl-C structures seems to be the key factor for the biochemical recalcitrance and stability of SOC in ADE. Anthropogenic enrichment with charred carbonaceous residues from biomass-derived black C (BC) is presumed to be the precursor of these recalcitrant polyaromatic structures. Our results also highlight the complementary role that might be played by organic C compounds composed of O-containing organic C moieties and aliphatic-C structures that persisted for millennia in these anthropic soils as additional or secondary sources of chemical recalcitrance of SOC in ADE. These organic C compounds could be the products of: (i) primary recalcitrant biomolecules from non-BC sources or (ii) secondary processes involving microbial mediated oxidative or extracellular neoformation reactions of SOC from BC and non-BC sources; and stabilized through physical inaccessibility to decomposers due to sorption onto the surface or into porous structures of BC particles, selective preservation or through intermolecular interactions involving clay and BC particles.  相似文献   

Land-use-mediated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> concentrations in a contemporary Appalachian watershed     

Fritz Petersen  Jason A. Hubbart  Elliott Kellner  Evan Kutta 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(22):754

A high-spatial resolution study design was used to investigate the relationship between land use practices, stream physicochemistry, hydroclimate, and stream Escherichia (E) coli concentrations in a mixed-land-use watershed in the Appalachian region. Stream samples were collected daily from six monitoring sites and analyzed for total E. coli counts using an enzyme metabolism indicator method. Statistical comparison of E. coli concentration time series showed significant (p?<?0.05) differences between study sites. Although highest average E. coli concentrations were observed at two agricultural sites (534 and 582 colony-forming counts (CFU) per 100 mL, respectively), highest total loadings were observed within the receiving stream, with values increasing downstream (2?×?10¹² and 4.2?×?10¹² study total CFU for bracketed upstream and downstream sites, respectively). No single physical variable displayed a significant correlation (p?<?0.05) with observed E. coli concentration at every site. However, sites displayed different patterns of significant correlations (p?<?0.05) between E. coli concentration and both physicochemical (e.g. pH, dissolved oxygen saturation) and hydroclimate variables (e.g. streamflow and precipitation). Percent agricultural land cover was the only land use category that showed significant (p?<?0.04) correlation with study average E. coli concentrations, thereby emphasizing the importance of land use practices to stream pathogen regimes. Results validate the analytical method and provide high-resolution, detailed, quantitative characterizations of stream E. coli regimes, thereby supplying land and water resource managers with science-based information to advance management decisions and improve public health.  相似文献   

Editorial introduction to the special issue on Uncertainty and Climate Change Adaptation     

Tiago Capela Lourenço  Ana Rovisco  Suraje Dessai  Richard Moss  Arthur Petersen 《Climatic change》2015,132(3):369-372

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Morphological analysis of the Sudd region using land survey and remote sensing data     

G. Petersen  J. V. Sutcliffe  N. Fohrer 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2008,33(11):1709-1720

An analysis of the vast wetland of the Sudd swamps in southern Sudan was designed to assess and describe interdependencies between morphology and hydrology. Findings based on field survey and remote sensing data include an assessment of the effect of ground slopes and morphological features on spill and flooding of the seasonally flooded grasslands. Through bathymetric surveys and analysis of Landsat images, depth profiles and cross‐sectional depth and flow distributions were established. Data from remote sensing, field survey and historical sources were correlated and correction factors established; the SRTM was found to be partly unsuitable for further assessments. Further analysis of remote sensing data was used to investigate the Sudd's inland delta as well as the question of spill into the Bahr el Ghazal basin. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Modeling time series of ground water head fluctuations subjected to multiple stresses     

von Asmuth JR  Maas K  Bakker M  Petersen J 《Ground water》2008,46(1):30-40

The methods behind the predefined impulse response function in continuous time (PIRFICT) time series model are extended to cover more complex situations where multiple stresses influence ground water head fluctuations simultaneously. In comparison to autoregressive moving average (ARMA) time series models, the PIRFICT model is optimized for use on hydrologic problems. The objective of the paper is twofold. First, an approach is presented for handling multiple stresses in the model. Each stress has a specific parametric impulse response function. Appropriate impulse response functions for other stresses than precipitation are derived from analytical solutions of elementary hydrogeological problems. Furthermore, different stresses do not need to be connected in parallel in the model, as is the standard procedure in ARMA models. Second, general procedures are presented for modeling and interpretation of the results. The multiple-input PIRFICT model is applied to two real cases. In the first one, it is shown that this model can effectively decompose series of ground water head fluctuations into partial series, each representing the influence of an individual stress. The second application handles multiple observation wells. It is shown that elementary physical knowledge and the spatial coherence in the results of multiple wells in an area may be used to interpret and check the plausibility of the results. The methods presented can be used regardless of the hydrogeological setting. They are implemented in a computer package named Menyanthes (www.menyanthes.nl).  相似文献   

Seismic attenuation in Faroe Islands basalts   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

F. Shaw  M.H. Worthington  R.S. White  M.S. Andersen  U.K. Petersen  the Seifaba Group 《Geophysical Prospecting》2008,56(1):5-20

We analysed vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data from two boreholes at Glyvursnes and Vestmanna on the island of Streymoy, Faroe Islands, to determine the magnitude and causes of seismic attenuation in sequences of basalt flows. The work is part of SeiFaBa, a major project integrating data from vertical and offset VSP, surface seismic surveys, core samples and wireline log data from the two boreholes. Values of effective seismic quality factor (Q) obtained at Glyvursnes and Vestmanna are sufficiently low to significantly degrade the quality of a surface reflection seismic image. This observation is consistent with results from other VSP experiments in the North Atlantic region. We demonstrate that the most likely cause of the low values of effective Q at Glyvursnes and Vestmanna is a combination of 1D scattering and intrinsic attenuation due to seismic wave‐induced fluid flow within pores and micro‐cracks. Tests involving 3D elastic wave numerical modelling with a hypothetical basalt model based on field observations, indicate that little scattering attenuation is caused by lateral variations in basalt structure.  相似文献   

Palaeoclimatic record from a loess–soil profile in northeastern Bulgaria—II. Correlation with global climatic events during the Pleistocene     

Diana Jordanova  & Nikolai Petersen 《Geophysical Journal International》1999,138(2):533-540

Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) variations and the behaviour of the ratio of susceptibility to saturation magnetization ( χ/J _s ) along the loess/palaeosol section at Koriten (NE Bulgaria) are used to deduce climatic changes during the Pleistocene in southeastern Europe. A good correlation of susceptibility variations with the astronomically tuned oxygen isotope record from ODP site 677 enables us to propose a more precise dating of the upper part of the Bulgarian loess complex. Close correspondence between susceptibility and δ ^{1 8} O records demonstrates the global significance of the palaeoclimatic signal recorded, although differences in relative amplitudes of χ and χ/J _s and δ ^{1 8} O create difficulties in making quantitative estimates of the climatic humidity in the past. The role of local factors affecting the palaeoclimatic mineral magnetic record deduced from the profile studied in Bulgaria is discussed.  相似文献   

Mineralogical and chemical Zonation around the Woodlawn Cu‐Pb‐Zn ore deposit,Southeastern New South Wales     

M. D. Petersen  I. B. Lambert 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(3-4):169-186

The volcanogenic Woodlawn Cu‐Pb‐Zn sulphide mineralization occurs within a low‐grade metamorphosed sequence of Middle to Upper Silurian felsic volcanics and fine‐grained sedimentary rocks. Studies on a total of 234 rock samples from diamond drill holes have delineated zones of hydrothermally altered rocks extending more than ～500 m laterally from the main ore lens, at least ～100 m into the foot wall and up to ～200 m into the hanging wall. These altered rocks contain virtually no remnants of primary feldspars and ferromagnesian minerals, and they are variably chloritized, sericitized and silicified. Chlorite and disseminated sulphide minerals are most abundant in zone I, a restricted zone of intense alteration immediately around the main ore lens, whereas sericitic muscovite is most abundant in the relatively extensive zone II, further from the ore. Silicification is also a feature of volcanics well beyond the limits of observed phyllosilicate‐rich alteration zones. Chemical changes within the hydrothermally altered rocks include major enrichment of Fe, Mg, S, Si and H₂O, more sporadic enrichment of Ag, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sn and Zn, and major depletion of Ca, Na and Sr. K is depleted in zone I and shows considerable variation, but no overall depletion or enrichment, in zone II.

Lithological, mineralogical and geochemical features around the Woodlawn orebody are basically similar to those associated with the younger, unmetamorphosed Kuroko deposits.  相似文献   

Flooding and drying mechanisms of the seasonal Sudd flood plains along the Bahr el Jebel in southern Sudan     

G. Petersen  N. Fohrer 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):4-16

Abstract

The flooding and drying mechanisms of the seasonal flood plains of the Sudd swamps in southern Sudan are, while dependent on the river levels, influenced by a complex interaction between soil, vegetation, topography and seasonal trends in rainfall and evapotranspiration. Based on field measurements, these components have been assessed in detail and evaluated regarding their function in the seasonal cycle of flooding and drying. A detailed analysis of soil and evapotranspiration conditions, as well as the interaction with vegetation and meteorological conditions, has been conducted using field and laboratory experiments. Sources, processes, flow directions and the fate of the floodwaters on both the river-fed seasonal flood plains and the rain-fed grasslands have been established. The results show that river spill is responsible for flooding these areas while no return flow occurs, and drying is caused by evapotranspiration. Rainfall can only cause temporary flooding in extreme events.

Citation Petersen, G. & Fohrer, N. (2010) Flooding and drying mechanisms of the seasonal Sudd flood plains along the Bahr el Jebel in southern Sudan. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(1), 4–16.  相似文献   

Flow-through PSICAM: a new approach for determining water constituents absorption continuously   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jochen Wollschläger  Maik Grunwald  Rüdiger Röttgers  Wilhelm Petersen 《Ocean Dynamics》2013,63(7):761-775

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