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INTRODUCTIONOceantidesplayaveryimportantroleinthedynamicsoftheEarthandhaveattractedmanypeople’sattentionsinceancienttimes.Beforethelate 1 970s,tidesweremeasuredmainlybycoastalgauges .Directmeasurementsaswellasnumericalsimulations,canprovidefairlyaccurateu… 相似文献
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Samaddar Subhajyoti Choi Junho Misra Bijay Anand Tatano Hirokazu 《Natural Hazards》2015,75(2):1531-1554
Natural Hazards - Recent decades have seen an increasing recognition and consensus among researchers and planners in disaster management in the need to foster social learning... 相似文献
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Soil moisture state and variability control many hydrological and ecological processes as well as exchanges of energy and water between the land surface and the atmosphere. However, its state and variability are poorly understood at spatial scales larger than the fields (i.e. 1 km2) as well as the ability to extrapolate field scale to larger spatial scales. This study investigates soil moisture profiles, their spatial organization, and physical drivers of variability within the Walnut Creek watershed, Iowa, during Soil Moisture Experiment 2005 and relates the watershed scale findings to previous field‐scale results. For all depths, the watershed soil moisture variability was negatively correlated with the watershed mean soil moisture and followed an exponential relationship that was nearly identical to that for field scales. This relationship differed during drying and wetting. While the overall time stability characteristics were improved with observation depth, the relatively wet and dry locations were consistent for all depths. The most time stable locations, capturing the mean soil moisture of the watershed within ± 0·9% volumetric soil moisture, were typically found on hill slopes regardless of vegetation type. These mild slope locations consistently preserve the time stability patterns from field to watershed scales. Soil properties also appear to impact stability but the findings are sensitive to local variations that may not be well defined by existing soil maps. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Meteorological stations, which measure all the required meteorological parameters to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using the Food and Agriculture Organization Penman?CMonteith (FAO56-PM) method, are limited in Korea. In this study, alternative methods were applied to estimate these parameters, and the applicability of these methods for ETo estimation was evaluated by comparison with a complete meteorological dataset collected in 2008 in Korea. Despite differences between the estimation and observation of radiation and wind speed, the comparison of ETo showed small differences [i.e., mean bias error (MBE) varying ?0.22 to 0.25?mm?day?1 and root-mean-square-error (RMSE) varying 0.06?C0.50?mm?day?1]. The estimated vapor pressure differed considerably from the observed, resulting in a larger discrepancy in ETo (i.e., MBE of ?0.50?mm?day?1 and RMSE of 0.60?C0.73?mm?day?1). Estimated ETo showed different sensitivity to variations of the meteorological parameters??in order of vapor pressure?>?wind speed?>?radiation. It is clear that the FAO56-PM method is applicable for reasonable ETo estimation at a daily time scale especially in data-limited regions in Korea. 相似文献
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The impact of transient eddies on extratropical seasonal-mean prediction and predictability was examined using DEMETER seasonal prediction data. Two distinct groups were found among the seven DEMETER models based on the simulated properties of their climatological state: (1) models of a strong jet stream and strong transient activity (strong transient models), which is close to the observed intensity, and (2) models of a weak jet stream and weak transient activity (weak transient models). In addition to climatology, the strong transient models tend to predict strong Pacific North American (PNA) patterns, whereas the weak transient models predict weak PNA patterns. Here we demonstrate that these differences mainly result from differences in the eddy feedback intensity. Due to synoptic eddy feedback, the strong transient models exhibit not only strong signal variance but also strong noise variance compared with those of the weak transient models. Interestingly two groups of models show the potential predictability of deterministic forecast, measured by the signal to noise ratio, which is similar to each other. However, the strong transient models produce the error to spread ratio smaller than that of the weak transient models, implying that the former models produce a more reliable spread for the probabilistic forecast. This study implies that a better representation of transient statistics is needed to improve the extratropical predictability of the dynamical seasonal prediction. 相似文献