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A three-dimensional variational method is proposed to simultaneously retrieve the 3-D atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles from satellite radiance measurements. To include both vertical structure and the horizontal patterns of the atmospheric temperature and moisture, an EOF technique is used to decompose the temperature and moisture field in a 3-D space. A number of numerical simulations are conducted and they demonstrate that the 3-D method is less sensitive to the observation errors compared to the 1-D method. When the observation error is more than 2.0 K, to get the best results, the truncation number for the EOF's expansion have to be restricted to 2 in the 1-D method, while it can be set as large as 40 in a 3-D method. This results in the truncation error being reduced and the retrieval accuracy being improved in the 3-D method. Compared to the 1-D method, the rms errors of the 3-D method are reduced by 48% and 36% for the temperature and moisture retrievals, respectively. Using the real satellite measured brightness temperatures at 0557 UTC 31 July 2002, the temperature and moisture profiles are retrieved over a region (20°-45°N, 100°- 125°E) and compared with 37 collocated radiosonde observations. The results show that the retrieval accuracy with a 3-D method is significantly higher than those with the 1-D method. 相似文献
976.
Chen Qiu 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1991,9(2):106-114
In the growth of oocytes ofPenaeus orientalis Kishinouye, five stages were distinguished. Histochemical tests showed the presence of DNA in the chromatin and nucleolus
of the cell. The cytoplasm at the previtellogenetic stage and the nucleolus are rich in RNA and the proteins abounding with
cysteine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The yolk consists mainly of proteins and phospholipids. The 1,2-glycol groups of carbohydrate
occur in the cytoplasm at stage II, and aggregate mostly into cortical rods at stages IV and V. Neutral lipid droplets, and
protein containing disulfides, appear in the cytoplasm at stages III and IV respectively. The proteins in the cortical rod
differ from those in other components of the cell in the presence of cystine and absence of arginine. 相似文献
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979.
Qiu Yuhai 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1996,243(1):255-258
This article describes the IPS work in the Beijing astronomical observatory including the hardware and software of the instrument and some theoretical research.The project is supported by the China National Nature Science Fundation under the program 49391400 相似文献
980.
Qiu Jinhuan 《大气科学进展》1988,5(3):311-324
Based on the radiative transfer calculation results, three approximate expressions of the sky radiance in almucantar and its increment caused by surface albedo are presented. They are simple, but accurate enough. The dependence of the fitted aerosol scattering phase functions on refractive index is also studied, and its reasonable form is given. For Junge size distribution, the approximate equations of the phase functions with some special scattering angles are obtained. These approximate equations significantly simplify the retrieval algorithm of simultaneous determination of aerosol size distribution and its refractive index and surface albedo. This method can be realized with a microcomputer, and has been used to process and analyse the experimental data measured in Hefei of Anhui Province. 相似文献