Using longwave HIRS radiances to test climate models     

Emma C. Turner  Simon F. B. Tett 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(3-4):1103-1127

A ‘model-to-radiance’ comparison of simulated brightness temperatures from the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model 2 with measurements from the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/4 (HIRS/4) instrument onboard the MetOp-A satellite is presented. For the all-sky, the model overestimates brightness temperatures in the atmospheric window region with the greatest biases over areas associated with deep convective cloud. In contrast to many global climate models, much smaller clear-sky biases are found indicating that model clouds are the dominating source of error. Simulated values in upper atmospheric CO₂ channels approximate observations better as a result of compensating cold biases at the poles and warm biases at lower latitudes, due to a poor representation of the Brewer Dobson circulation in the 38 level ‘low-top’ configuration of the model. Simulated all and clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) evaluated against the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) and HIRS OLR products reveal good agreement, in part due to cancellation of positive and negative biases. Through physical arguments relating to the spectral energy balance within a cloud, it is suggested that broadband agreement could be the result of a balance between positive window biases and unseen negative biases originating from the water vapour rotational band in the far infrared (not sampled by HIRS).  相似文献   

African Inland Fisheries: Experiences with Co-Management and Policies of Decentralization   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Roger Lewins  Malloum Ousman Baba  Emma Belal  Steve Donda  Abbagana Mamane Lamine 《社会与自然资源》2014,27(4):405-420

Most countries in Africa have promoted some form of decentralized fisheries management either as discrete co-management projects or as a component of broader decentralization processes that cut across other sectors. These initiatives were shaped by an international policy narrative that emphasises participation in decision making and development. A review of fisheries decentralization experiences in Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, and Malawi reveals marked differences in purpose, strategy, and performance. In general, co-management projects are limited by their ability to scale up new practice and to maintain viable and representative management institutions. In other cases, the decentralization process is not well supported politically or locally or does not articulate with fisheries policy. Experiences of decentralization in other sectors provide useful lessons. Acknowledging the informal institutional environment or realpolitikof fisheries and the rural economy could provide opportunities to better manage and review the process of decentralization.  相似文献   

The global horseracing industry: social,economic, environmental and ethical perspectives   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Emma R. Power 《The Australian geographer》2014,45(2):245-246

  相似文献   

Metazoan/microbial biostalactites from present‐day submarine caves in the Mediterranean Sea          下载免费PDF全文

Rossana Sanfilippo  Antonietta Rosso  Adriano Guido  Adelaide Mastandrea  Franco Russo  Robert Riding  Emma Taddei Ruggiero 《Marine Ecology》2015,36(4):1277-1293

Biostalactites formed by metazoan–microbialite associations from three submerged marine caves in the Plemmirio Peninsula (south of Syracuse, Ionian Sea) are randomly distributed and show different sizes and morphologies, as well as variations in surface roughness/smoothness. The biostalactites consist of crusts a few centimeters thick of small serpulids and other metazoans, associated with fine‐grained carbonate; the larger ones often include a nucleus of serpulid tubes (Protula). The metazoans include mainly serpuloideans, sponges, bryozoans and foraminifers but microbial carbonates are also significant components. The composition of both the living communities and thanatocoenoses on the outer surfaces, as well as the composition and fabric of the internal framework, were analysed and used to reconstruct the history of the caves. All of the identified sessile faunas mainly consist of cryptic and sciaphilic dwellers that reflect cave conditions and their variations through time. The distribution pattern, composition and abundance of the present‐day dwellers largely depend on the degree of roughness of the biostalactite surfaces and their positions within the caves. It has been suggested that the Protula specimens in the nuclei represent pioneer populations that formed aggregates during the early cave colonization phase, in response to relatively high food supply from seawater inflow and intruding continental waters. By contrast, the outer metazoan–microbialite carbonates reflect more confined conditions in the caves caused by Holocene sea‐level rises. Hypotheses are proposed for biostalactite growth, taking into account information about the growth rates of some constituents, and evidence of dissolution effects. Similarities and differences between these biostalactites and other Holocene deposits previously described from submarine caves in the Mediterranean Sea and in tropical reefs are discussed.  相似文献   

Equipped to deal with uncertainty in climate and impacts predictions: lessons from internal peer review   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anna Wesselink  Andrew Juan Challinor  James Watson  Keith Beven  Icarus Allen  Helen Hanlon  Ana Lopez  Susanne Lorenz  Friederike Otto  Andy Morse  Cameron Rye  Stephane Saux-Picard  David Stainforth  Emma Suckling 《Climatic change》2015,132(1):1-14

  相似文献   

Emerging transitions in organic waste infrastructure in Aotearoa New Zealand     

Gradon Diprose  Kelly Dombroski  Emma Sharp  Amanda Yates  Bailey Peryman  Martine Barnes 《New Zealand geographer》2023,79(1):15-26

Aotearoa New Zealand is at a critical juncture in reducing and managing organic waste. Research has highlighted the significant proportion of organic waste sent to landfills and associated adverse effects such as greenhouse gas emissions and loss of valuable organic matter. There is current debate about what practices and infrastructure to invest in to better manage and use organic waste. We highlight the diversity of existing organic waste practices and infrastructures, focusing on Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. We show how debates about organic waste practices and infrastructure connect across three themes: waste subjectivities, collective action in place and language.  相似文献   

The 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes: context and cause of injury   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

David Johnston  Sarah Standring  Kevin Ronan  Michael Lindell  Thomas Wilson  Jim Cousins  Emma Aldridge  Michael Warne Ardagh  Joanne Margaret Deely  Steven Jensen  Thomas Kirsch  Richard Bissell 《Natural Hazards》2014,73(2):627-637

The aim of this study was to investigate causes of injury during the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes. Data on patients injured during the Darfield (4 September 2010) and Christchurch (22 February 2011) earthquakes were sourced from the New Zealand Accident Compensation Corporation. The total injury burden was analyzed for demography, context of injury, causes of injury, and injury type. Injury context was classified as direct (shaking of the primary earthquake or aftershocks causing unavoidable injuries), action (movement of person during the primary earthquake or aftershocks causing potentially avoidable injuries), and secondary (cause of injury after shaking ceased). Nine categories of injury cause were identified. Three times as many people were injured in the Christchurch earthquake as in the Darfield earthquake (7,171 vs. 2,256). The primary shaking caused approximately two-thirds of the injuries from both quakes. Actions during the primary shaking and aftershocks led to many injuries (51.3 % Darfield and 19.4 % Christchurch). Primary direct caused the highest proportion of injuries during the daytime Christchurch quake (43.6 %). Many people were injured after shaking stopped in both events: 499 (22.1 % Darfield) and 1,881 (26.2 % Christchurch). Most of these people were injured during clean-up (320 (14.2 %) Darfield; 622 (8.7 %) Christchurch). In both earthquakes, more females than males (1,453 vs. 803 Darfield; 4,646 vs. 2,525 Christchurch) were injured (except by masonry, damaged ground, and during clean-up); trip/fall (27.9 % Darfield; 26.1 % Christchurch) was the most common cause of injury; and soft tissue injuries (74.1 % Darfield; 70.4 % Christchurch) was the most common type of injury. This study demonstrated that where people were and their actions during and after earthquakes influenced their risk of injury.  相似文献   

Upper Cretaceous bottom current deposits,north-east Greenland     

Jussi Hovikoski  Alfred Uchman  Rikke Weibel  Henrik Nøhr-Hansen  Emma Sheldon  Jon Ineson  Morten Bjerager  Jens Therkelsen  Mette Olivarius  Michael Larsen  Peter Alsen  Jørgen Bojesen-Koefoed 《Sedimentology》2020,67(7):3619-3654

Reported ancient bottom current deposits in deep marine settings are scarce and most of them remain contentious. This study describes sedimentological, ichnological and petrographical characteristics of a drill core that covers ca 10 Myr of Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy at Hold with Hope, north-east Greenland. The core is divided into four facies associations, which are interpreted to reflect deposition from bottom currents, turbidity flows and hemipelagic settling in slope and/or near slope environments. The evidence for bottom current influence is three-fold. Firstly, pervasive indications of winnowing such as marine bioclast-rich lags and outsized clasts on ‘mud on mud’ contacts are suggestive of low-sediment concentration flows capable of transporting up to pebble-sized clasts. Common Mn–Fe–Mg rich carbonate matrix cements and various types of hiatal chemogenic lag deposits showing glauconite, apatite and carbonate clasts also point to condensation, prolonged exposure at the sediment–water interface and recurrent phases of sea-floor erosion. Secondly, such deposits can show indicators for tidal processes such as double mud-drapes, tangential bottom sets in dune-scale cross-bedding and cyclic rhythmites. Thirdly, inverse to normal grading at various scales is common in fully marine, commonly seafloor-derived sediments. Ichnological data indicate considerable taxonomic variability in the bottom current deposits, but recurrent fabrics are characteristically dominated by morphologically simple burrows such as Thalassinoides and Planolites, with secondary Phycosiphon, Nereites, Zoophycos and/or Chondrites. In general, opportunistic taxa are common whereas mature composite ichnofabrics are rare. The omission surfaces are locally burrowed with stiffground to firmground trace fossil suites. The results contribute to establishing sedimentological, ichnological and mineralogical criteria for recognition of bottom current deposits as well as to the understanding of the Late Cretaceous palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Arctic region.  相似文献   

Use of ACRU,a distributed hydrological model,to evaluate how errors from downscaled rainfall are propagated in simulated runoff in uMngeni catchment,South Africa     

Samuel Kusangaya  Michele Warburton  Emma Archer van Garderen 《水文科学杂志》2017,62(12):1995-2011

  相似文献   

Multi-platform model assessment in the Western Mediterranean Sea: impact of downscaling on the surface circulation and mesoscale activity     

Aguiar  Eva  Mourre  Baptiste  Juza  Mélanie  Reyes  Emma  Hernández-Lasheras  Jaime  Cutolo  Eugenio  Mason  Evan  Tintoré  Joaquín 《Ocean Dynamics》2020,70(2):273-288

Ocean Dynamics - In numerical ocean modeling, dynamical downscaling is the approach consisting in generating high-resolution regional simulations exploiting the information from coarser resolution...  相似文献