Conceptual models in exploration geochemistry: The Canadian cordillera and Canadian shield: P.M.D. Bradshaw (compiler and editor). Association of Exploration Geochemists special publication,no. 3, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam—Oxford—New York,N.Y., 1975, 223 pp., Dfl. 39.00/US $ 16.25     

R.J. Allan 《Chemical Geology》1976,18(3):245-250

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The July 1974 solar events: A possible lower limit for microwave activity     

P. Kaufmann  P. Iacomo Jr.  E. H. Koppe  P. Marques Dos Santos  R. E. Schaal  J. R. Blakey 《Solar physics》1975,45(1):189-197

The active region McMath 10433 was the source of several flares and radio outbursts during the early part of July 1974. This region was tracked continuously, for several periods during the month at 22.2 GHz using a telescope with a 4 beam. Comparison with the results obtained simultaneously with a normal 7 GHz solar patrol instrument indicate that there is important burst activity occurring at levels below the detection limit of normal solar patrol instruments. The time-development morphology of these bursts is similar to those normally observed and has enabled the simple events to be re-interpreted. A completely new type of event - the fast absorption - has also been recognized. The correlation of the microwave events with SPA events observed on VLF propagation is also discussed.Spending a sabbatical year at CRAAM, São Paulo, Brazil.  相似文献   

Carbon isotope fractionation in wood during carbonization   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C.S.M. Turney  D. Wheeler  Allan R. Chivas 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(4):960-964

A significant uncertainty exists as to whether δ¹³C values in charcoal meaningfully represent the stable isotopic content of the original material, with studies suggesting variable responses to both natural and laboratory heating. An extensive study was undertaken using fully homogenised samples of wood taken from Eucalyptus spp., Quercus robur and Pinus radiata. The results demonstrate that the duration of heating had no tangible effect on the final composition of the charred material, with the δ¹³C and carbon content of wood fixed after 30 min of heating. Furthermore, all three wood types become progressively depleted in ¹³C with increasing temperature. The results demonstrate that even at temperatures commonly reached in natural fires (<450 °C) isotopic fractionation of up to 1.3‰ can take place indicating that the absolute values obtained from charcoal extracted for paleoenvironmental reconstruction must be interpreted with caution.  相似文献   

Evolved mare basalt magmatism, high Mg/Fe feldspathic crust, chondritic impactors, and the petrogenesis of Antarctic lunar breccia meteorites Meteorite Hills 01210 and Pecora Escarpment 02007     

James M.D. Day  Christine Floss  Lawrence A. Taylor  Mahesh Anand  Allan D. Patchen 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(24):5957-5989

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Deformability characteristics of brazilian laterites     

Jacques De Medina  Laura M. G. Motta  João D. G. Dos Santos 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(4):949-971

This paper summarizes the resilient and permanent deformation characteristics of laterite gravels, determined by cyclic loading in triaxial tests of compacted specimens. A study of laterite pavements was carried out on eight paved road sections in the state of Mato Grosso. Also reported is the influence of fine sand admixture, specimen size and soaking in two laterite samples from Roraima and Rondônia in the North of Brazil. The experimental relationships of resilient moduli against applied stresses are interpreted empirically for models what may be incorporated in a structural analysis of full depth of laterite pavement.  相似文献   

Laboratory Studies Of Wind Stress Over Surface Waves   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

B. Mete Uz  Mark A. Donelan  Tetsu Hara  Erik J. Bock 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,102(2):301-331

Simultaneous laboratory observations of wind speed, wind stress, and surfacewind-wave spectra are made under a variety of wind forcing patterns using cleanwater as well as water containing an artificial surfactant. Under typical experimentalconditions, more than half of the total stress is supported by the wave-induced stressrather than by the surface viscous stress. When the surfactant reduces the shortwind-wave spectra, the wind stress also decreases by as much as 20–30% at agiven wind speed. When the wind forcing is modulated in time, the wind stresstends to be higher under decreasing wind than under increasing wind at a givenwind speed, mainly because the response of short wind-wave spectra to varyingwind forcing is delayed in time. These examples clearly demonstrate that therelationship between the wind speed and the wind stress can be significantlymodified if the surface wave field is not in equilibrium with the wind forcing.Next, we examine whether the wind stress is estimated accurately if the wave-inducedstress by all surface wave components is explicitly evaluated by linear superpositionand is added to the surface viscous stress. It is assumed that the surface viscous stressis uniquely related to the wind speed, and that the wind input rate is determined by thelocal, reduced turbulent stress rather than the total stress. Our wind stress estimatesincluding the wave contributions agree well with observed wind stress values, evenif the surface wave field is away from its equilibrium with the wind in the presenceof surface films and/or under time-transient wind forcing. These observations stronglysuggest that the wind stress is accurately evaluated as a sum of the wave-induced stressand the surface viscous stress. At very high winds, our stress estimates tend to be lowerthan the observations. We suspect that this is because of the enhancement of wind stressover very steep (or breaking) short wind-waves.  相似文献   

A Stabilizing Dynamical Influence in the Deep Mantle due to the Radiative Thermal Conductivity and a high temperature at the Core-Mantle Boundary     

Erik O. Sevre  Fabien Dubuffet  David A. Yuen  Emma S. G. Rainey 《Visual Geosciences》2002,7(1):1-4

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Multiparametric Traveltime Inversion     

Biloti  Ricardo  Santos  Lúcio T.  Tygel  Martin 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2002,46(2):177-192

In conventional seismic processing, the classical algorithm of Hubral and Krey is routinely applied to extract an initial macrovelocity model that consists of a stack of homogeneous layers bounded by curved interfaces. Input for the algorithm are identified primary reflections together with normal moveout (NMO) velocities, as derived from a previous velocity analysis conducted on common midpoint (CMP) data. This work presents a modified version of the Hubral and Krey algorithm that is designed to extend the original version in two ways, namely (a) it makes an advantageous use of previously obtained common-reflection-surface (CRS) attributes as its input and (b) it also allows for gradient layer velocities in depth. A new strategy to recover interfaces as optimized cubic splines is also proposed. Some synthetic examples are provided to illustrate and explain the implementation of the method.  相似文献   

Using Spatial Data to Explore Landholder Awareness and Concern about Dryland Salinity     

Allan Curtis  Jacinta MacKay  Simon McDonald 《The Australian geographer》2002,33(2):159-171

This paper draws upon research in Victoria's Goulburn Broken Catchment exploring landholder responses to dryland salinity. It has been assumed that part of the explanation for limited adoption of recommended practices was that landholders were unaware of the extent of dryland salinity. Socio-economic data from a mail survey was combined in a Geographic Information System (GIS) with other layers, including the location of discharge sites and depth to saline ground water. Comparisons of expert maps and landholder identified salinity sites suggested that landholders in the upper catchment had excellent knowledge of the current extent of salinity on their property. At the same time, the expert maps failed to predict half of the saline-affected sites identified by landholders. It seems that the extensive community education effort undertaken in this region had been successful in raising salinity awareness. Our research also highlighted that most landholders were not concerned about the impacts of dryland salinity and appear to believe they can 'live with salt'. This is an important issue because the small, diffused amounts of salt exported from these properties in the upper catchment are/will have a substantial impact downstream. The research methodology and findings have important policy and management implications, and these are discussed.  相似文献   

Bio-dependent bed parameters as a proxy tool for sediment stability in mixed habitat intertidal areas     

P. L. Friend  P. Ciavola  S. Cappucci  R. Santos 《Continental Shelf Research》2003,23(17-19):1899

The stability of cohesive and non-cohesive sediments in a mixed intertidal habitat within the Ria Formosa tidal lagoon, Portugal, was examined during two field campaigns as part of the EU F-ECTS project. The cohesive strength meter Mk III was used to determine critical erosion shear stress (τ_c) within a variety of different intertidal habitats and substrata, including Spartina maritima fields and Zostera noltii beds. The best predictor(s) for τ_c were derived from a range of properties measured for the surface sediments (chlorophyll a, colloidal carbohydrate, water, organic content, % fraction <63 μm, and seabed elevation). Pigment biomarkers were used to identify the dominant algal groups within the surface phytobenthic assemblage.Strong, seasonally dependent relationships were found between τ_c and habitat type, chl a, colloidal carbohydrate and bed elevation. Typically, critical erosion thresholds decreased seawards, reflecting a change from biostabilisation by cyanobacteria in the upper intertidal areas, to biostabilisation by diatoms on the bare substrata of the channel edges. In the late summer/early autumn, cyanobacteria were the main sediment stabilisers, and colloidal carbohydrate was the best bio-dependent predictor of τ_c across the entire field area. In the late winter/early spring, cyanobacterial activity was lower, and sediment stabilisation by Enteromorpha clathrata was important; the best predictor of τ_c was bed elevation. The implications and use of proxies for sediment stability are discussed in terms of feedback and sedimentation processes operating across the intertidal area.  相似文献