Rapid uplift of southern Alaska caused by recent ice loss   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Christopher F. Larsen  Roman J. Motyka  Jeffrey T. Freymueller  Keith A. Echelmeyer  Erik R. Ivins 《Geophysical Journal International》2004,158(3):1118-1133

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International Emission Trading and the Cost of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation and Sequestration   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Michael J. Scott  James A. Edmonds  Natesan Mahasenan  Joseph M. Roop  Anthony L. Brunello  Erik F. Haites 《Climatic change》2004,64(3):257-287

The deployment of carbon capture and sequestration (CC&S) technologies is greatly affected by the marginal cost of controlling carbon emissions (also the value of carbon, when emissions permits are traded). Both the severity and timing of emissions limitations and the degree to which emissions limitation obligations can be traded will affect the value of carbon and thereby the timing and magnitude of CC&S technology deployment. Emissions limits that are more stringent in the near term imply higher near-term carbon values and therefore encourage the local development and deployment of CC&S technologies.Trade in emissions obligations lowers the cost of meeting any regional or global emissions limit and so affects the rate of penetration of CC&S technologies. Trade lowers the marginal value of carbon and CC&S penetration in high cost regions and raises the marginal value of carbon and CC&S penetration in low cost regions. The net impact on the world CC&Stechnologies depends on whether their increased use in low-cost regions exceeds the reduced use in high-cost regions.In the long term, CC&S technologies must not only remove carbon but permanently sequester it. If reservoirs are not permanent, then the emissions and costs of control are merely displaced into the future. The paper presents quantitative estimates for the impacts of trade in emissions limitation obligations on the timing, magnitude, and geographic distribution of CC&S technologies and the marginal and total costs of carbon control.  相似文献   

Structure, geometry and formation of brittle discontinuities in anisotropic crystalline rocks of the Central Gotthard Massif, Switzerland     

Christian Zangerl  Simon Loew  Erik Eberhardt 《Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae》2006,99(2):271-290

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DNAPL Transport Through Macroporous, Clayey Till Columns     

Peter R. Jørgensen  Kim Broholm  Torben O. Sonnenborg  Erik Arvin 《Ground water》1998,36(4):651-660

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Comment on Special Issue on Geostatistics with Guest Editor A. G. Journel     

Kyrre Bratvedt  Erik Bølviken  Tore Gimse  Helge Holden  Lars Holden  Ragnar Knarud 《Mathematical Geology》1998,30(2):245-246

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Towards 4U 1630−47: a black-hole soft X-ray transient odyssey     

Erik Kuulkers 《New Astronomy Reviews》1998,42(9-10)

4U 1630−47 is a black-hole X-ray transient with one of the shortest recurrence times. Despite its regular outburst behaviour little is known about this source. Only recently has attention to this system increased. I discuss there the basic known (X-ray) properties of 4U 1630−47 and report on X-ray and radio observations obtained during its recent outburst, starting in February 1998. These observations strengthen some of the similarities seen between 4U 1630−47 and the Galactic superluminal sources GRO J1655−40 and GRS 1915+105, and provide the first detection of 4U 1630−47 in the radio. Using an updated outburst ephemeris I predict the next outburst to occur about a week before Christmas 1999.  相似文献   

Effects of slight anisotropy on surface waves     

Erik Larson  Jeroen Tromp  & Göran Ekström 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,132(3):654-666

We present a complete ray theory for the calculation of surface-wave observables from anisotropic phase-velocity maps. Starting with the surface-wave dispersion relation in an anisotropic earth model, we derive practical dynamical ray-tracing equations. These equations allow calculation of the observables phase, arrival-angle and amplitude in a ray theoretical framework. Using perturbation theory, we also obtain approximate expressions for these observables. We assess the accuracy of the first-order approximations by using both theories to make predictions on a sample anisotropic phase-velocity map. A comparison of the two methods illustrates the size and type of errors which are introduced by perturbation theory. Perturbation theory phase and arrival-angle predictions agree well with the exact calculation, but amplitude predictions are poor. Many previous studies have modelled surface-wave propagation using only isotropic structure, not allowing for anisotropy. We present hypothetical examples to simulate isotropic modelling of surface waves which pass through anisotropic material. Synthetic data sets of phase and arrival angle are produced by ray tracing with exact ray theory on anisotropic phase-velocity maps. The isotropic models obtained by inverting synthetic anisotropic phase data sets produce deceptively high variance reductions because the effects of anisotropy are mapped into short-wavelength isotropic structure. Inversion of synthetic arrival-angle data sets for isotropic models results in poor variance reductions and poor recovery of the isotropic part of the anisotropic input map. Therefore, successful anisotropic phase-velocity inversions of real data require the inclusion of both phase and arrival-angle measurements.  相似文献   

Paleolimnology of Lake Winnipeg     

Brian J. Todd  C. F. Michael Lewis  L. Harvey Thorleifson  Erik Nielsen  William M. Last 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1998,19(3):211-213

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Permeability and stress in crystalline rocks   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

David Banks  Noelle E. Odling  Helge Skarphagen  Erik Rohr-Torp 《地学学报》1996,8(3):223-235

Groundwater from crystalline rocks is a significant resource in many areas of the world. It is also an important medium for contaminant transport from, for example, deep nuclear waste repositories. Stress distributions in fractured rocks are important in controlling groundwater flow in several ways: (i) palaeostress fields are responsible for the evolution of fracture systems which transmit groundwater; (ii) current in situ stress fields will influence the shape and aperture of fractures; (iii) humans can influence the natural stress field in a rock mass to enhance fracture flows. The significance of stresses for groundwater flow can be investigated by field techniques (hydraulic fracturing), laboratory techniques (stress cells) or by numerical modelling.  相似文献   

The World Wide Web and university education in remote sensing   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Erik Stubkjær 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》1997,52(6):281-293

The World Wide Web (YAW) has a potential for improving university education in remote sensing, as the WWW technology may be applied in a way which reduces the amount of resources which are needed to achieve a certain educational objective. The paper presents a survey of this new technology. The main components of the WWW technology are outlined. Reference is made to information resources which are available through the WWW which relates to remote sensing. The technology can be applied not only by individual staff members, but, also, according to decision at the departmental or faculty level. The use of information technology for education is a research field in its own right. This research field is presented as a basis for suggestion of decision issues and decision criteria regarding the use of the WWW for education in remote sensing. The paper may have an European bias.  相似文献