Über Möglichkeiten der Bestimmung,Berechnung und kurzfristigen Vorhersage der Globalstrahlung am Erdboden     

K. Gräfe 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1954,5(3-4):344-376

Zusammenfassung Die Messung der Globalstrahlung verlangt definitionsgemäß Meßgeräte, die eine ebene, horizontale und das Cosinus-Gesetz befolgende Empfangsfläche haben. Es werden Registrierungen der Globalstrahlung mit einem elektrischen und einem mechanischen Pyranometer durchgeführt, um eine Unterlage für die Berechnung der Globalstrahlung zu erhalten. Als photometrische Meßmethode für Dauerregistrierungen im Freien wird die Strahlungsmeßkugel nachLarché-Schulze gewählt; für sie wird auf experimentellem Wege eine Glasabdeckung gefunden, die zusammen mit dem Gerät die genannten strahlungsphysikalischen Forderungen erfüllt. Es wird geprüft, ob die mit ihr im Spektralbereich des Selenphotoelements gewonnenen Tagessummen der Globalstrahlung auf das gesamte, kurzwellige Spektrum mit Hilfe eines konstanten Faktors zu erweitern sind.Die Ergebnisse verschiedener Autoren über die Berechnung von Mittelwerten der Globalstrahlungssummen für Wochen oder Monate und eigene Erfahrungen bei der Messung des Strahlungsgenusses der Erdoberfläche führen zu dem Problem, die einzelnen Tagessummen der Globalstrahlung zu berechnen. Unter Benutzung synoptischer Unterlagen wird hierfür eine Beziehung aufgestellt, welche, aufbauend auf den sich nach der Albrechtschen Formel ergebenden Normalwerten bei heiterem Himmel, die Berechnung der Globalstrahlung bei jeder beliebigen Wetterlage für einen Tag oder einzelne Stunden gestattet. Dies führt zu dem Ziel, die Tagessumme der Globalstrahlung wie andere meteorologische Elemente zu prognostizieren und in die tägliche Wettervorhersage aufzunehmen.

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Summary Measurement of total radiation of sun and sky calls for instruments with a plane, horizontal receiver-surface following the cosine law. Records of total radiation were carried out by both an electric and a mechanical pyranometer to obtain a basis for its calculation. As a photometric method for continuous records in the open air theLarché-Schulze sphere for measurement of radiation was chosen. By experiments a glass-cover was found which, together with the instrument, complies with the above mentioned requirements of radiation physics. A test was made as to whether the daily sums of total radiation obtained in this way within the spectral range of the selenium rectifier cell can be extended, by aid of a constant factor, to the whole short-wave spectrum.The results obtained by different authors with the calculation of mean values of sums of total radiation for weeks or months as well as experimental experiences of the author himself led to the solution of the problem of calculating the single daily sums of total radiation. Using synoptic material, the author develops a relation which, starting from the normal values of theAlbrecht formula for clear sky allows the calculation of total radiation of one day or single hours for any weather condition. Thereby it becomes possible to forecast the daily sum of total radiation in the same way as other meteorological elements and to make it a part of the daily weather-forecast.

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Résumé La mesure du rayonnement global exige des appareils possédant une surface réceptrice plane, horizontale et tenant compte de la loi du cosinus. On a procédé à des enregistrements du rayonnement global à l'aide de pyranomètres électrique et mécanique pour obtenir une base de son calcul. La mesure photométrique pour l'enregistrement en plein air fut faite au moyen de l'appareil sphérique deLarché-Schulze muni d'un verre protecteur de façon à remplir les conditions rappelées ci-dessus. On examina si les totaux journaliers du rayonnement global obtenus de la sorte dans le domaine spectral de la cellule au sélénium peuvent être étendus au spectre complet de courte longueur d'onde en leur appliquant un facteur constant.Les résultats obtenus par différents auteurs cherchant à établir des valeurs moyennes du rayonnement global par semaine ou par mois, ainsi que l'expérience personnelle de l'auteur, conduisent à la solution du problème de calculer les sommes individuelles journalières du rayonnement global. S'appuyant sur des documents de la synoptique, l'auteur établit une relation qui, partant des valeurs normales par ciel clair (selonAlbrecht), permet le calcul du rayonnement global par heure ou par jour en n'importe quelles conjonctures météorologiques. Cela rend possible la prévision de la somme journalière du rayonnement global et de l'introduire dans les pronostics quotidiens du temps.

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Mit 11 Textabbildungen.

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Gekürzte Fassung der von der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Hamburg im Juni 1951 angenommenen Dissertation.  相似文献   

Distribution of some chemical compositions in atmospheric precipitations over Czechoslovakia     

M. Macku  J. Podzimek  L. Šràmek 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1959,42(1):24-31

Summary Since the beginning of the I.G.Y. collections of precipitation for chemical analysis have been made at 22 sample stations distributed all over the territory of Czechoslovakia at different heights above sea level. Analyses are carried out in the laboratories of the Geophysical Institute, Department of Physics of the Air, Hradec Králové. This preliminary report deals with the results of analyses during which the content of chloride ions was determined independently by the polarographic and the microtitration technique, while the content of nitrate ions was established polarographically. Distribution of concentrations of chlorides over the territory of Czechoslovakia represents a roughly homogeneous distribution of concentrations varying in a half year average from 0.6 mg/l to 6.6 mg/l. Generally higher concentrations can befound in mountain stations in the neighbourhood of industrial centres. In the winter months the values are higher than in the summer months in most of the stations. This is commonly due to a higher content of chlorides in solid precipitation as can be seen from the enclosed chart. A correlation between the concentration of chlorides and the intensity of the precipitation is not always clearly visible. Distribution of nitrates does not correspond with the character of the iso-lines of chlorides. Average concentrations range from 0.2 mg/l to 1.5 mg/l. The highest values were not found in the precipitations collected in the mountain stations. This would suggest a different distribution of chemical components of chlorides and nitrates in the lower levels of the troposphere which is clearly illustrated by the established concentrations in the region of High Tatra where the precipitations are collected in two neighbouring stations the height difference of which reaches nearly 2,000 m.  相似文献   

Integrating in situ measurements of an index of connectivity to assess soil erosion processes in vineyards     

Jesús Rodrigo-Comino  Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja  László Bertalan  Artemi Cerdà 《水文科学杂志》2020,65(4):671-679

ABSTRACT

In this research, we survey soil erosion processes using an index of connectivity and a non-invasive and long-term assessment in situ technique: the improved stock unearthing method (ISUM), for which the vineyard of Castilla La Mancha under tillage management was selected. Our results show, that in 10 years, the total average soil surface level decreased by – 1.6 cm and the total soil mobilization was up to 17.7 Mg ha^?1 year^?1. The surrounding lands of the survey plot showed meagre connectivity; however, smaller linear features with higher values were found as possible locations for potential rill generation. The survey plot is traversed by one of these linear features. In this inter-row survey, we found relatively low connectivity values. As a conclusion, we confirm that both methods can be useful to assess soil erosion processes in vineyards and detect areas that could increase the desertification as a consequence of non-sustainable soil erosion rates.  相似文献   

Impacts of land-use and climate changes on surface runoff in a tropical forest watershed (Brazil)     

Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja  Bruno Gianmarco Carrà  João Pedro Nunes  Léonard Bernard-Jannin  Santo Marcello Zimbone 《水文科学杂志》2020,65(11):1956-1973

ABSTRACT

Surface runoff generation capacity can be modified by land-use and climate changes. Annual runoff volumes have been evaluated in a small watershed of tropical forest (Brazil), using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Firstly, the accuracy of SWAT in runoff predictions has been assessed by default input parameters and improved by automatic calibration, using 20-year observations. Then, the hydrological response under land uses (cropland, pasture and deforested soil) alternative to tropical forest and climate change scenarios has been simulated. SWAT application has showed that, if forest was replaced by crops or pasture, the watershed’s hydrological response would not significantly be affected. Conversely, a complete deforestation would slightly increase its runoff generation capacity. Under forecasted climate scenarios, the runoff generation capacity of the watershed will tend to decrease and will not be noticeably different among the representative concentration pathways. Pasture and bare soil will give the lowest and highest runoff coefficients, respectively.  相似文献   

Second-order closure study of the covariance between chemically reactive species in the surface layer     

Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano  Peter G. Duynkerke 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1993,16(2):145-155

A second-order modelling technique is used to investigate the influence of turbulence on chemical reactions. The covariance and variance equations for the NO-O₃-NO₂ system are developed as a function of the ratio of the timescale of turbulence ( _t ) and the timescale of chemistry (_Ch): the first Damköhler number ( _t /_Ch). Special attention is given to the calculation of the covariance between NO and O₃ normalized by the product of their means, the so-called intensity of segregation (I _S ). This parameter quantifies the state of mixing of two chemical species.The intensity of segregation is calculated as a function of the flux of NO and the first Damköhler number. The model results presented illustrate the importance of taking the effect of turbulence on chemical reactions into account for higher values of the NO flux, for values of the ratio O₃/NO larger than 12.5 and for values of the ratio _t /_CH larger than 0.1. For such cases, the effective reaction rates are slower than if the chemical species are assumed to be uniformly mixed.  相似文献   

Study of clusters of galaxies by correlation analysis     

José M. Solanes  Manuel Sanromà  Eduard Salvador-Solé 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1990,171(1-2):9-12

We present preliminary results of the application to real data of a new method for studying the structure of groups and clusters of galaxies. The new method is able to produce reliable results for structures with a small number of galaxies. The 6 clusters whose number density and velocity dispersion profiles are determined, could have hardly been studied with classical methods. These new results are particularly significant, especially in what concerns the velocity dispersion profile, since little is known so far on its characteristics.Paper presented at the 11th European Regional Astronomical Meetings of the IAU on New Windows to the Universe, held 3–8 July, 1989, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.  相似文献   

Comparison of seismic analysis methods applied to a historical church struck by 2009 L’Aquila earthquake     

Yohei Endo  Luca Pelà  Pere Roca  Francesca da Porto  Claudio Modena 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2015,13(12):3749-3778

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Reply to comment by Günter Leydecker on “The European–Mediterranean Earthquake Catalogue (EMEC) for the last millennium”     

Gottfried Grünthal  Rutger Wahlström 《Journal of Seismology》2014,18(1):199-201

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Erratum to: Ambient Seismic Noise Tomography of a Loess High Bank at Dunaszekcső (Hungary)     

Gyöngyvér Szanyi  Zoltán Gráczer  Erzsébet Győri  Zdeněk Kaláb  Markéta Lednická 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2016,173(8):2975-2975

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Oxidative stress, genotoxicity and histopathology biomarker responses in mullet (Mugil cephalus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) liver from Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia)     

Ben Ameur W  de Lapuente J  El Megdiche Y  Barhoumi B  Trabelsi S  Camps L  Serret J  Ramos-López D  Gonzalez-Linares J  Driss MR  Borràs M 《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,64(2):241-251

The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of environmental contaminants on oxidative stress, genotoxic and histopathologic biomarkers in liver of mullet (Mugil cephalus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) collected from a polluted coastal lagoon (Bizerte Lagoon) in comparison to a reference site (the Mediterranean Sea). Antioxidant enzyme activities were lower in fish from the polluted site compared with fish from the reference site, suggesting deficiency of the antioxidant system to compensate for oxidative stress. DNA damage was higher in both fish species from the contaminated site indicating genotoxic effects. The liver histopathological analysis revealed alterations in fish from Bizerte Lagoon. Hepatocytes from both fish species featured extensive lipid-type vacuolation and membrane disruption. Results suggest that the selected biomarkers in both fish species are useful for the assessment of pollution impacts in coastal environments influenced by multiple pollution sources.  相似文献